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Prefatory  Lessons 


IN 


A  Mechanical  Philosophy 


(Nature's  Legal   Code) 


The    Philosophy    of   the    Home 


BY 

John  J.   Van  Nostrand 


Published  by  the  Author 

5553  Drexel  Avenue 

Chicago,  111. 


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1 

Prefatory  Lessons 


IN 


A  Mechanical  Philosophy 


(Nature's  Legal  Code; 


The    Philosophy    of   the    Home 


BY 

John   J.    Van  Nostrand 


OF  THE     ^ 

UNIVERSITV 


Chicago    111. 
1907 


Copyright  1907 
By  John  J.  Van  Nostrand 


T3D70/ 
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1G2883 


PREFACE 


The  Philosophy  of  the  Home,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Philosoph>'  of  the  Crowd,— Pragmatism,  and  the  Phil- 
losophy  of  the  Schools,— Ideahsm,  etc.,  is  the  mark  placed 
upon  A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  by  the  dictum: 
'  'A  thing  is  what  it  does.' ' — Lewes. 

Some  of  its^demonstrative  statements  are : 

— that  we  are  born — emerge  out  of  the  unconscious 
everywhere  into  the  conscious  here— the  individual  home ; 
we  architecturally  and  architectonically  use  and  abuse 
Knowledge  in  the  conscientious  now— the  personal  home ; 
we  die — immerge  into  the  historizing  unconscious  every- 
where, out  of  the  conscious  here  and  conscientious  now — 
the  home : 

— that  the  properties  and  the  powers  of  the  uncon- 
scious everywhere — Space,  is  the  authority  which  we  re- 
cognize and  respect  when  we  conscientiously  ask  for  di- 
rection as  to  how  we  ought  to  use  knowledge  and  how  we 
ought  not  to  abuse  it,  while  engaged  in  our  architectural 
and  architectonical  operations  in  and  for  the  home : 

— that  Nature's  laws,  taken  en  masse,  constitute^logical 
clearness  in  our  view  of  order  in  nature ;  taken  separately, 
as  tlie  foundation  of  one  of  the  sciences,  logical  distinct- 
ness is  attained  and  usefulness  is  promoted;  when  sys- 
tematised  in  the  form  of,  and  in  the  terms  of,  and  in>c- 
cordance  with  the  rules  of  the  unconscious  everywhere — 
logical' adequacy  is  gotten,  and  A  ^  MECHANICAL 
PHILOSOPHY  is  given,— a  '  complete  J  'Code"  where 
'  'Right' '  is  the  '  'Fixed  Order' ' : 


ii  PREFACE 

— that  the  method  of  the  unconscious  '  'Fixed  Order' ' 
is  the  Organic : 

— that  by  the  appUcation  of  this  organic  method  to  the 
dialectical  (speech-like)  proposition  "Mind  is  Work", 
its  own  peculiar  form  of  psychology  emerges : 

— that  explanatory  ethical  determination  belongs  to 
the  Algebraical  properties  and  powers  of  the  '  'Fixed  Or- 
der' '  by  their  self-evident  solution  of  the  so-called  prob- 
lemjof  Good  and  Evil,  respectively,  the  Command  and 
the  Sanction  of  the  Law.  and,  therefore,  anti-  the- 
istical,  demonstrating  as  fraudulent  all  '  'schemes  of  re- 
demption' '  and  '  'plans  of  salvation' '  which  lay  claims  to 
an  advantageous,  and  very  special  rebating  arrangement, 
an  off -setting  of  the  '  'uncompromising,  inexorable' ' 
'  'Sanction,' '  the  penal  function  of  the  '  'Law:' ' 

— that  the  uses  of  the  '  'intelligible  and  diagrammatical" 
(hence,  theoretical)  Law  are  civilizing,  and  therefore, 
humane;  its  abuses  are  subjugating,  and,  therefore,  in- 
human: 'Si  I 

— that  recourse  to  the  laws  of  the  '  'Law' '  (mathematical 
principles, which  are  strictly  equalizing)  for  architectural 
purposes  has  been  free  and  encouraged;  for  architec- 
tonical  purposes  it  has  been  hindered  and  discouraged 
chiefly  by  the  substitution  of  theistical  schemes  and 
plans, — personal  Gods  versus  impersonal  Space: 

— that  by  reason  of  this  contrariety  mechanical  devel- 
opment in  material  phenomena  has  generated  an  unpara- 
lelled  pace  for  the  intelligent  senses  of  the  '  'Crowd,' '  (the 
internal  medium  of  the  social  organism,) without  any  cor- 
responding mechanical  development  in  ethical  phenomena 
by  the  directing  intelligible  principles  of  the  '  'Law,'  '(the 
external  medium  of  the  social  organism,) in  conseqtience 
of  which  a  catastrophe  for  that  organism  impends : 

— that  it  is  the  business  of  Crowds  to  destroy  and  of  the 
'  'Sanction' '  to  punish  impersonally  (cf .  '  'The  Law  of 
Equivalents' ') : 


PREFACE  iii 

— that  those  Crowds  which  combine  a  maximum  of 
strength  with  a  minimum  of  responsibihty  probably  con- 
stitute the  forces  most  hkely  to  be  engaged  in  the  coming 
confhct,  and  are,  therefore,  the  best  philosophic  studies 
at  the  moment : 

— that  the  Labor  Crowd  under  the  leadership  of  the 
Britisher  Gompers  has  the  physical  strength  and  the 
ethical  weakness  to  make  it  eligible,  and  should  it  under- 
take to  exemjjlify  the  American  Crowd  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Roosevelt  in  the  Phillipine  Islands  it  might  make 
use  of  the  dictum:  ''Watch  our  smoke,"  which  would 
then  be  as  apposite  to  the  American  home  as  it 
was  to  the  Phillipine  home;  homes  that  Phillipino  and 
American  alike,  '  'made  out  of  their  own  love,  the  center 
of  their  world,  and  its  paradise:' ' 

— that  the  '  'Sanction' '  is  evidently  bringing  to  a  close 
the  terms  of  the  existence  of  the  greatest  of  all  counter- 
feits and  consequent  there  to,  humanity's  greatest  curse, — 
the  schemes  and  plans  of  Christianity,  considered  as  au- 
thoritative, whereupon  the  "Right  of  Might,"  which 
is  proper  to  the  individual,  and  to  him  alone,  will  be  re- 
stored to  its  normal  function,  and  the  *  'Might  of  Right' ' 
will  be  recognized  and  respected  as  representing  the  '  'Law 
where  Right  is  the  Fixed  Order:' ' 

— that  following  this  destructive  period  the  study  of 
the  '  'Philosophy  of  the  Home,' '  in  the  Homes  of  the  Home 
by  common  but  industrious  minds,  and  in  the  home  of  the 
homes  by  erudite  intellects,  will  install  an  impersonal 
mathematical  and  humane  authority  instead  of  the  dis- 
credited and  displaced  personal  theistical  and  inhuman 
authority : 

— that  then  the  intelligent  mountebanking  home-de- 
stroying politician,  having  lost  his  most  powerful  support, 
will  retire  in  favor  of  the  intellectual  interpreting  home- 
building  statseman  who  will  be  supported  by  the  Law's 


iv  PREFACE 

most   efficient   independent   agent — The   Mother   in   the 
homes  of  the  Home. 

The  study  of  the  Philosophy  of  the  Home,  in  the 
homes  of  the  Home,  requires  but  Uttle  more  than  logical 
appetence  combined  with  mental  industry.  The  Gram- 
mar grade  of  the  Public  Schools  furnish  all  of  the  technical 
preparation  needed,  and  the  Public  Libraries  the  research 
stock.  The  haphazard  use  of  the  terms  so  distinctly  loc- 
alized in  the  '  'Digest' ', — intelligence,  intellect,  and  intel- 
ligibility with  their  correlates,  actual,  ideal,  and  real,  et 
al.,  is  interdicted;  also  the  term  theoretical.  A  theory 
is  not  a  conjecture,  nor  a  fancy,  but  a  diagrammatically 
intelligible  demonstration.  '  The  bvisiness  of  a  theory  of 
phenomena,"  says  Prof.  Royce,  ''is  the  arrangement  of 
systems  of  facts  in  ideal  serial  orders,  according  to  con- 
cepts which  themselves  determine  both  the  ordering  of 
each  series  and  the  precise  relations  of  its  members  to 
one  another.  Spencer's  theory  of  evolution  does  not  de- 
termine the  relations  of  the  essential  processes  ©f  evolu- 
tion to  one  another,  does  not  define  their  inner  unity,  and 
does  not  enable  us  to  conceive  a  series  of  types  of  evolu- 
tionary processes  in  orderly  relations  to  one  another." 
Herbert  Spencer,  p.  116.  Prof.  Royce.  himself  evidently 
meant '  "real" '  where  he  says  '  'ideal' '.  Ideal  means  ought 
to,  and  implies  choice;  real  means  must,  and  implies  ne- 
cessity. The  formula  is  a  theoretical  '  'Code' '  of  Natural 
Law;  The  '  'Digest' '  is  a  theoretical  application  of  the  two 
laws  of  the  "Code."  There  is  nothing  actual-ly  intelli- 
ligent,  nor  ideal-ly  intellectual  about  either;  nothing  con- 
scious, nor  conscientious,  but  they  are,  alike,  real-ly  in- 
telligible, and  unconscious.  The  intent  of  their  content 
is  expressible  in  the  language  of  the  unconscious, — math- 
ematics. This  language  is  diagrammatical  (sign-like), 
not  dialectical  (speech-like),  but  it  is  inter-pretable,  lit- 
erally, between  plus  brokerage.  Their  usefulness  very 
largely  depends  upon  the  conscientiousness  of  the  broker, 


PREFACE  V 

that  is  to  sa}-,  whether  he  is  an  independent  agent,  and, 
therefore,  fit,  or  whether  he  is  a  member  of  some  Crowd, 
and,  thereby,  a  misfit.  Being  a  demonstration  of  the 
principle  of  autogeneit\-  the  formula  is  self-explanatory. 
Its  method  is  that  of  the  organic  in  general,  and  consti- 
tutes its  intent.  The  way  in  which  it  does  what  it  does 
comprises  the  content  of  its  intent.  In  the  light  of  the 
'  'Digest' ',  which  is  a  demonstrative  application  of  the 
method  in  the  analysis  of  all  mind,  intellect  corresponds 
to  the  path-way  of  the  polarized  horizontal  line,  and  repre- 
sents the  social  organism,  w^hich,  like  all  organisms,  has 
an  internal  medium,  its  generative  organ,  the  actuating 
intelligent  senses, -and  an  external  mediiwn,  its  directive 
organ,  the  realizing  intelligible  principles.  "The  path  of  a 
moving  point  is  a  line  of  some  kind.  The  line  is  said  to 
be  generated  by  the  point,  \vhich  is  called  the  generatrix 
of  the  line.  Any  fixed  point,  which  guides  the  motion  of 
the  generatrix,  is  called  the  directrix.' '  The  '  'Fixed  Or- 
der' '  is  represented  negatively,  by  the  absence  of  change 
in  the  direction,  and  ^ 'Right"  positively  by  the  straight- 
ness  of  the  line. 

Thus  the  self-explanatory  properties  and  powers  of  the 
the  unconscious  formula  consist  in  the  theoretical  (dia- 
grammatically  intelligible)  unfoldment  of  its  intent,  its 
purpose, — Normalization,  or  the  self  production  of  its 
own  Code,  which  explains  how  it  does  what  it  does.  i\nd, 
hence,  since  '  'a  thing  is  what  it  does,' '  this  thing  (norm- 
alization) has  for  its  office  the  spatially  authoritative  ex- 
planation of  '  'what  it  all  means' ',  namely,  that  those  ar- 
chitectural and  architectonical  conditions  from  which 
and  of  w^hich  the  Home  is  the  emergent,  constitute  the 
significant  all,  for  the  rationally  facultated  man. 

From  the  vie^v  point  of  the  '  'Code' '  the  operations  of 
the  unconscious  '  'Law' '  have  the  characteristics  of  an  ex- 
periment, whereof  the  rationally  faculated  man  is  the  con- 
script ively  interested  oberserver. 


VI 


PREFACE 


As  the  two  principles,  Independence,  and  Dependence 
generalize  respectively,  into  the  organic  terms  Civilization 
and  Subjugation,  so  the  principle  Correspondence  general- 
izes into  the  organic  term  Computation.  This  is  easily 
realized,  or  com-prehended  when  dichotomization  (ex- 
haustive division)  is  employed  to  elucidate  its  meaning — 
'  'together-mutually-answering,' '  being  the  given  quotient. 

Now  these  Prefatory  Lessons  ought  to  bring  into  the 
purview  of  the  independent  thinker  and  reasoner  the  cor- 
respondence between  the  three  departments  of  philosophy 
— that  of  the  Crowd,  that  of  the  Home,  and  that  of  the 
Schools.  How  they  '  'together,  mutually,  answer' '  ques- 
tions concerning  the  '  'order  of  things.' ' 

The  extraordinary  energy  of  the  American  Crowds 
will  probably  place  them  in  advance  of  the  coming  general 
'  'clash' '  between  the  whole  body  of  crowds.  The  official 
destroyer  of  the  uncompromising  inexorable  '  'Sanction' ' 
is  the  Crowd  of  crowds,  and  the  use  of  brown,  yellow,  and 
?3lack  men  for  targets,  and  that  of  their  women  and  child- 
ren for  the  '  'Camp' '  torture,  by  the  '  'White  Terror,' '  is 
beyond  all  question  a  fully  matured  occasion  for  the  use 
of  the  '  'Laws"  '  compelling  hand. 

Computative  operations  among  codified  principles, 
that  is  to  say,  instances  w^here  they  '  'together-mutually- 
answer' '  ciuestions,  on  their  own  iniatiative,  and  using  the 
strictly  diagrammatical  language  within  the  '  Code", 
and  between  it  and  the  '  'Digest' ',  will  constitute  the  more 
properly  Introductory  Lessons  which  ought  to  follow. 


Of^THE 

UNIVERSITY 


Prefatory  Lessons  In 
A  Mechanical   Philosophy. 


1 

The  purport  of  the  formula  herewith,  entitled  A 
MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY,  is  that  it  intelligibly 
and  diagrammatically  codifies  the  '  'Fixed  Order' ',  usu- 
ally referred  to  as  Natural  Law. 

The  modern  definition  of  theory,  namely,  that  '  'it 
must  be  intelligible  and  diagrammatical,  or  it  has  no 
title  to  the  name  theory,"  makes  the  formula  a  theory 
providing  it  can  be  proven  to  be  intelligible. 

Moreover,  since  '  'philosophy  is  completely  unified 
knowledge,' '  the  formula,  if  valid,  i.  e.,  intelligibly  prov- 
able,   and   mathematically   authoritative,    it   must   be 
changeless  like  the  '  'Fixed  Order' '  which  it  purports  to 
demonstrate,    and,    hence,    a  theory  of  knowledge. 

The  author  has  put  in  twenty-one  years  of  his  avo- 
cational  time  in  the  development  of  the  code,  and  the  two 
digests  from  it,  beginning  in  the  winter  of  1885-86.  The 
formula  itself  being  practically  completed  in  1897,  but 
the  digests — ''The  Normalization  of  Mind,"  or  the  or- 
ganic method  applied,  (Philosophical  psychology),  and 
''Algebraical  Form  in  Ethics,"  have  only  just  been 
finished. 


2  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

The  study  of  the  formula  has  its  logical  beginning  at 
the  '  'Rectangular  Co-ordinate' '  considered  as  the  unit 
of  Knowledge,  regarding  Knowledge  as  the  third  of  the 
three  most  general  orders  of  phenomena  in  nature,  with 
Matter  the  first,  and  Life  the  second. 

First  its  s\'nthetical,  or  constructive  powers  should 
be  noted.  The  figure  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner — 
'  'Progression  of  the  Unit,' '  being  descriptive  of  its  ratio- 
nal (quotient-like)  progress  by  definite  proportion  (de- 
creasing in  size  by  one-half  and  increasing  in  number  by 
three  times)  through  verticity  to  symmetry,  giving  a 
harmonious  whole.  The  same  figure  triadically  classi- 
fied (in  colors — red,  blue  and  green)  in  the  upper  right 
hand  corner — 'The  Sematical  Unity,"  or  Frame  Work, 
by  which  the  mechanism  of  fundamental  principles,  or 
primary  ideas  are  enabled  to  exhibit  their  organic  prop- 
erties through  their  machine-like  conformity  to  the 
'  'Fixed  Order' '.  The  same  figure  representing  '  'The 
Ideation  of  the  Unity' '  setting  forth  the  seriate  character 
of  the  ideas — their  decreasing  generality  corresponding 
to  the  decreasing  size  of  the  unfolding  unit,  making  the 
two  commensurate,  and  therefore,  alike  mathematical. 

Second,  its  analytical,  or  instructive  properties 
should  be  attended  to.  The  figure  in  the  lower  left 
hand  corner — ''Regression  of  the  Unit,"  is  the  Semati- 
cal (sign-like)  unit  of  the  third  most  general  order  of 
phenomena  in  nature.  Knowledge,  as  the  molecule  is  the 
physical  (body-like)  unit,  or  as  the  cell  is  the  psychical 
(life-like)  unit,  a  correspondence:  resolved  into  its  ele- 
ments— positive  and  negative,  the  process  resembles  the 
ionization  of  some  physical  units,  as  water.  The  elim- 
ination of  the  motion  (the  line)  from  the  polarized, 
classified  (green  and  red)  elements  leaves,  as  the  remain- 
der, the  polarized,  classified  ])oints  or  j^laces — Know- 
ledge (Sematic-al)  substance. 

This  prefatory  glance  at  the  formula  shows  that  the 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  3 

Law  of  C(Mitinuity,  which  is  the  ];rerequisite  for  verifica- 
tion, is  recognized  and  respected  throughout  the  struc- 
ture. 

But  A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  differs  from 
all  other  so-called  philosophies  in  its  practicabilit\-.  its 
usableness. 

When  it  is  considered  that  an  organism  is  identifi- 
able by  its  two  mediums,  the  internal,  to  wdiich  its  rela- 
tionship is  direct,  and  the  external,  to  which  its  relation- 
ship is  indirect,  then  the  directness  of  the  relationship 
of  the  Mechanism  of  ideas  to  the  geometrical  Frame- 
Work,  carr3'ing  them  at  definite  points,  or  places,  sug- 
gests the  high  probability  that  knowledge,  in  its  com- 
pletely unified  form,  is  an  organism.  Then  taking  that 
other  carrier  of  ideas,  the  life-like  plasmic,  cellular  and 
fibrous  structure,  to  which  fundamental  principles,  pri- 
mary ideas  have  a  well  known  indirect  relationship,  we 
have  at  once  the  complemental  external  medium,  and  the 
complete  organism  given.  So,  as  Nature's  agents, 
or  brokers  (interpreters)  we  have,  by  observation  and 
experiment,  attained  the  ability  to  present  the  code  of 
the  '  'Fixed  Order' ',  in  its  textile  (architectonical)  form, 
the  warp  of  analytical  geometry  and  the  woof  of  funda- 
mental principles  working  together  to  formulate  an  or- 
ganic method,   A  NATURAL  LOGIC. 

The  applicability  of  the  organic  method  exemplifies 
the  three  fundamental  aspects  of  universal  w^ork,  namelv, 
homogeneity  (it  is  the  same  for  everyone),  hetero-geneit\- 
( it  accommodates  the  different  in  everyone)  and  auto-gen- 
eity(it  is  its  own  pecularity  +  form  in  self-explanation). 
The  ideas  of  the  first  order  are  explanatoryof  its  body-like 
internal  medium;  those  of  the  second  order,  of  its 
life-like  external  medium ;  and  those  of  the  third  order, 
of  the  sign-like  organism  which  looks  to  its  generative 
frame-work  for  fixity,  and  to  its  directive  interj^reters 
(brokers)  for  application. 


4  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

Now  this  mechanism  of  ideas,  carried  in  place  by  an 
inflexible  frame-work,  and  doing  ratio-nal  (quotient- 
like) work,  corresponds  to  the  theory  of  machines  (Ency. 
Brit.)  and  appears  to  be  entitled  to  the  name — Mind 
in  nature. 


What  is  Mind?  Mind  is  a  subject,  the  negative 
element  of  a  dialectic-al  (speech-like)  thought-unit. 
'  'that  about  which  something  is  said. ' '  The  complemen- 
tal  positive  element  is  a  predicate,  '  'that  which  says 
it." 

Mind  does  work,  and  Mind  cannot  not  work,  and 
therefore,  since  ''a  thing  is  what  it  does,''  MIND  IS 
WORK.     Mind  is  a  subject  whose  predicate  is  Work. 

The  application  of  the  organic  method  in  working 
out  the  answer  to  the  question,  as  per  the  diagram,  is  a 
Given  example  in  ratio-cination  (quotient-ing) . 

Ratio-cination  is  an  idea  whose  complemental  real- 
ity is  normalization  (morphological  rectification) . 

Normalization  is  a  kind  of  digestive  process;  mor- 
phology, the  science  of  organic  form,  presupposes  the 
ability  of  the  subject  to  break  up  into  an  organism,  in- 
cluding its  two  identifying,  internal  and  external,  med- 
iums. A  digest  from  a  code  consists  in  the  use  of  one  or 
more  of  the  codified  body  of  laws  in  the  establishment  of 
the  validity  of  an  answer  to  a  question,  or  claim.  The 
kind  of  work  done  by  the  law,  or  laws,  so  employed, 
is  a  purposive  aid  to  the  assimilation  of  nutriment  by  the 
social  organism,  just  as  the  use  of  a  receipt  or  receipts 
for  the  preparation  of  food  is  a  purposive  aid  to  assimila- 
tion of  nutriment  by  the  individual  organism,  that  is, 
prepared  law  and  prepared  food,  are  alike,  purposive 
aids  for  digestion. 

The  two  laws,  taken  from  the  code  and  applied  in 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  5 

the  diagram,  are  "Contradiction''  and  ''Negation" 
respectively,  the  "First  Law  of  Thought,"  and  the 
'  'First  Law  of  Motion,' '  but  in  their  distilled,  or  organic 
form — the  positive  and  negative  Sematic-al  (sign-like) 
elements. 

Mind  appears  to  have  three  most  general  forms,  and 
they  occur  together  in  the  man,  and  nowhere  else.  They 
are  theoretically  separable,  i.  e.,  intelligibly  and  dia- 
grammatically,  not  actually. 

Reference  to  the  digest  shows  that  these  three  forms 
are  carried  by  the  negative  element  ('  'negation' ')  intel- 
ligibly. Mind  in  man  equals  the  organism  (social) ; 
Mind  in  the  animal  equals  the  internal,  or  generative 
medium  of  the  organism;  Mind  in  nature  equals  the  ex- 
ternal, or  directive  medium  of  the  organism.  This  pro- 
cess of  quotient-ing  (ratio-cination)  of  the  subject  Mind 
is  an  exhaustive  division  (dichotomization)  i.  e.,  the 
whole  dividend  is  given  in  the  quotient,  or  answer.  Be- 
sides the  organic  form  of  the  subject,  Mind,  there  is  the 
isolation  of  the  identifyingly  classified  particulars  of  the 
predicate.  Work,  also  in  organic  form. 

Of  the  Normalization  the  morphology  attends  to  the 
' 'frame- work"  (carrying  in  place  in  "Fixed  Order") 
while  the  Rectification  looks  to  the  banishment  of  indiff- 
erence from  the  '  'Mechanical' '  parts  thus  carried. 

Hence,  while  the  whole  is  a  psychological  (life  and 
logic)  theory,  intelligible  and  diagrammatical,  it  has  that 
philosophical  reference  to  the  machine-like  method  of  the 
"Fixed  Order,"  which  seems  to  entitle  it  to  the  name 
'  'Philosophical-Psychology." 


Natural  Law  or  the  '  'Fixed  Order' '  in  its  social  ap- 
plications, dichotomizes  (exhaustively  divides)  into  the 
command,  the  duty  and  the  sanction.     To  the  legal  fra- 


6  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

ternit}'  this  triad  of  denotations  is  quite  familiar,  also 
that  when  either  becomes  explicitly  denoted,  the  other 
two  are  implicitly  connoted. 

Law  phenomenalizes  (makes  its  appearance)  in  the 
social  organism  as  knowledge— the  gotten  given.  It 
manifests  itself  under  the  conditions  imposed  by  compre- 
hension e.  g.,  when  one  comprehends  that,  three  and  two 
are  equal  to  five,  one  cannot  not  know  it.  What  may 
have  been  either  a  fancy,  a  guess,  or  a  belief,  previous  to 
comprehension,  has  lost  every  possibility  of  the  marks 
of  caprice,  and  taken  on  the  fixedness  of  the  '  'order  of 
things,' '  the  stamp  of  necessity. 

This  gotten  given  knowledge  constitutes  a  tremend- 
ously advantageous  endowment  for  man  over  all  other 
animals,  and  for  this,  man  owes — is  under  obligation,  or 
duty  to  use,  and  not  to  abuse,  the  invested  trust. 
'  'The  greater  the  blessing  in  use, 
The  greater  the  curse  in  abuse. ' ' 
The  man  may,   and   does   act   in   accordance   with 
choice,  and  it  is  the    office    of    the    sanction    to    inflict 
punishment  for  the  failure  to  use,  or  for  the  successful 
abuse  of  the  trust. 

Now,  both  the  sanction  (nature's  penal  code),  and 
man's  abuse  of  knowledge,  are  evidently  forms  of  evil, 
but  the  former  has  the  positive  reference,  the  latter 
the  negative.  To  comprehend  the  opposite  operations  of 
these  opposite  conditions  would,  manifestly,  be  equal  to 
the  ability  to  solve  the  problem  of  evil,  so  called.  By  the 
instrumental  help  of  the  well-known  algebraical  formula 
of  plus  and  minus,  and  the  logical  localization  of  the  ne- 
cessary fundamental  principles  in  the  formula  with  the 
algebraical  custom  of  substitution,  the  solution  is  effected 
in  the  diagram  entitled  '  'Algebraical  form  in  Ethics.' ' 

"Neither  the  naked  hand  nor  the  understanding  left  to  itself 
can  effect  much.  It  is  by  instruments  and  helps  that  the  work  is 
done,  which  are  as  much  wanted  for  the  understanding  as  the  hand. 
And  as  the  instruments  of  the  hand  either  give  motion  or  guide  it,  so 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  7 

the  instruments  of  the  mind  supply  either  suggestions  for  the  under 
standing  or  cautions.' '   (Bacon's  Aphorism.  2.  ) 

This  conformity  of  fundamental  principles  to  the  instruct- 
ive properties  of  knowledge  substance — polarized,  class- 
ified points,  or  places,  as  exemplified  in  this  strictly  im- 
personal demonstration,  is  evidence  of  the  practicability 
and  usableness  of  the  organic  method,  in  thinking  and 
reasoning,  of  the  utmost  mathematical  purity. 

In  the  psychical  realm  of  the  formula  the  terms 
■'Impression,"  ''Expression,"  and  "Comprehension" 
form  a  triangle — the  first,  and  the  second,  respectively, 
the  negative  and  positive  poles  of  the  third.  Then  these 
two  poles  polarizes  "Impression"  into  "Aversion",  and 
"Appetition,"  and  ' 'E-xpression"  into  "Renegation  and 
'  'Reproduction. ' '  By  substituting  the  social  terms'  'Sub- 
jugation' '  and  '  'Civilization' '  for  the  psychical  terms 
''Renegation"  and  "Reproduction,"  the  axiom — "An  act 
is  an  Impression  and  an  Expression,' '  becomes  an  effect- 
ive dialectical  (speech-like)  agency  for  the  impersonal 
demonstration  of  the  sanction — the  positive  reference  of 
evil,  otherwise  known  as  the  "Law  of  Equivalents." 
(Payson) . 

When  the  common  parlance  term  '  'Independence" ' 
is  rendered  in  the  form  of  a  verbalized  noun,  the  term 
'  Civilization' '  is  given. 

The  ultimate  ideality,  for  mind  in  man — the  social 
organism,  is  the  establishment  of  the  principle  of  inde- 
])endence,  or  civilization.  It  signifies  the  common- 
wealth of  the  social  organism,  its  general  good.  Its  op- 
jHjsite,  or  general  evil,  is  subjugation. 

Where  subjugation  is,  in  form,  the  most  malignant 
as  e.  g.,  in  the  application  of  the  Reconcentration  Camp 
system  (always  against  the  man  battling  for  indepen- 
dence) there  the  inhumanity  of  man  has  developed  a  new 
and  lower  level  in  history's  mine  of  horrors  than  seemed 
])0ssible   for  human  conception  to  encompass — the  razed 


8  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

iivrne,  che  cry  of  anguish  of  the  wife  and  mother,  the  des- 
pairing wail  of  the  children,  except  where  quieted  by 
merciful  death,  the  Black  Flagged  father  or  broth- 
er righteously  discharging  his  obligation  to  the  Law,  the 
"Fixed  Order,"  combine  to  exalt  the  savage  with  his 
tomahawk  in  comparison  with  the  politician  and  his  ex- 
ecutive order.  In  short,  it  is  the  most  effective  form  of 
the  negative  operation  of  evil  that  history  has  yet  re- 
vealed. 

The  function,  or  office  of  the  Sanction,  considered  as 
the  positive  aspect  of  evil,  appears  to  be  more  distinctly 
stated  in  Payson's  definition  of  the  '  'Law  of  Equiva- 
lents' '  than  elsewhere,  and  is  as  follows: 

"The  law  means  first,  this:  that  for  a  large  class  of  objects 
which  the  world  has  long  set  its  heart  upon — indeed,  for  most  that 
are  not  subjects  of  trade, — nature  affixes  as  the  price,  not  mag- 
nitude, not  amount,  not  quantity,  not  even  value,  as  men  estimate 
value,  but  kind — specific  reward  being  attached  to  specific  effort, 
and  specific  payment  to  specific  experience. 

Secondly.  As  payment  must  be  made  in  kind,  the  law  is  inex- 
orable, and  recognizes  nothing  like  barter,  or  substitution — knows 
nothing  of  exchangeable  values.  i 

Thirdly.  Insisting  as  it  does  upon  kind,  the  law  takes 
into  its  own  hands  the  decision  as  to  what  that  kind  shall  be, 
and  determines  beyond  appeal  its  value;  and,  although  it  frequently 
demands  variety  of  payment,  it  accepts  no  surplus  endowments  or 
offerings  in  one  direction,  to  atone  for  lack  in  another."  (The  Law 
of  Equivalents,  p.  13 — 14). 

"We  thus  state  the  proposition  in  set  phrase,"  says  Payson, 
and  with  what  might  be  possibly  deemed  stately  and  ostentatious 
parade.  We  bestow  upon  it  the  dignity,  the  importance,  and  the 
full  significance  of  a  fundamental,  primal  law,  arrogating  for  it  all 
that  this  word  '  law '  ever  includes." 

Is  Nature  now  calling  out  the  Orient  to  punish  the 

Occident  for  the  horribly  executed  purposes  of  Weyler, 

Chamberlain,  and  Roosevelt  in  Cuba,  in  the  Transvaal, 

and  in  the  Phillipines?     Or  will  she  vary  that,  with  the 

more  certain  operation  of  the  '  'Closed  Shop' '  principle 

in  politics,  in  religiori,  in  capital,  and  in  labor. 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY 


"All  our  experiences  and  all  our  explanations,"  says  Lewes, 
'  'are  now  dominated  by  a  steady  faith  in  a  fixed  order,  and  our  efforts 
are  directed  towards  the  ascertainment  of  what  that  order  is  ' ' 
Phsych.   p.  155. 

The  formula  and  diagram  demonstrate  that  that  order 
is  the  third  of  the  three  most  general  orders  of  phenomena 
in  nature— the  rational  (quotient-like)  order  of  signs. 
Given  the  adjectival  form  it  becomes  the  Sematic-al 
(sign-like) . 

This  makes  the  universe  in  its  most  general  aspects, 
appear  triadic  instead  of  dyadic— Matter,  and  Life,  and 
Knowledge  instead  of  Matter,  and  Life.  The  implication 
in  the  triad  is  that  the  dyad  is  not  equal  to  the  explana- 
tion of  the  universe.  This  introduces  a  new  feature  in  the 
field  of  speculation,  and,  although  extremely  simple,  re- 
quires some  mental  work  '  'to  banish  the  indifference,  and 
to  learn  the  necessity  of  things,"  in  this  case  distinctness 
and  adequacy. 

'  'A  conception  entirely  or  even  largely  novel  is  not 
intelligible  to  the  acutest  intellect.  It  must  have  its 
points  of  attachment,  its  likeness  to  familiar  conception, 
otherwise  it  cannot  be  assimilated.  But  if  there  be  only 
one  point  of  identification,  that  will  suffice  as  a  nucleus 
for  further  growth;  and  gradually  all  the  diversities 
which  make  it  foreign  to  the  mind  will  be  incorporated 
with  elements  of  likeness."  Lewes.  Probs.  of  Life  and 
Mind,  Page  1S4. 

The  distinguishing  characteristics  which  serve  to 
identify  an  organism,  namely,  its  two  mediums,  the 
internal  to  which  its  relationship  is  direct,  and  the  exter- 
nal to  which  its  relationship  is  indirect,  are  gotten  given 
points  of  identification  so  common  to  experience  that  they 
cannot  be  not  known. 

Every  man  is  an  animal,  and,  as  such,  a  physiolog- 
ical organism,  whose  internal  medium  is  the  temperature 


10  ■       PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

of  his  blood,  and  whose  external  medium  is  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  air.  To  the  normal  of  the  former,  his  relation- 
ship is  so  direct  that  a  departure  of  a  very  few  degrees 
means  death,  whereas,  to  the  mean  of  the  latter  his  rela- 
tionship is  so  indirect  that  a  comparatively  wide  range 
may  be  experienced  without  unfavorable  results. 

Codified  law,  or  the  '  'Fixed  Order,' '  as  demonstrated 
by  A  Mechanical  Philosophy  to  be  "Mind  in  Nature,' '  is  a 
philosophical  organism  whose  internal  medium  is  the 
'  'Geometry  of  Position' '  and  whose  external  medium  is 
the  physiologically  organized  man.  To  the  fixedness  of 
the  former,  the  directness  of  its  relationship  is  self  evi- 
dent, whereas,  to  the  caprice  of  the  latter  the  indirectness 
of  its  relationship  is  quite  as  manifest. 

The  '  'Digest' '  from  the  code,  entitled  '  'Mind  is 
Work' '  demonstrates  ,  at  once  the  universality  of  the  or- 
ganic method  and  its  practicability,  its  usableness. 

Mind,  the  subject  '  'about  which  something  is  said," 
is  separated  rationally  (quotient-like) — Work,  the  predi- 
cate ''which  savs  it,"  is  isolated  norm-allv,  (standard- 
like). 

'  'An  organism  lives  only  in  relation  to  its  medium.  What 
growth  is,  in  the  physical  sense,  that  is  Experience  in  the  psychical 
sense,  namely,  Organic  Registration  of  Assimilated  Material.  Lewes. 
p.  110. 

In  the  social  organism,  as  diagrammatized,  the  ideas 
representing  the  work  done  by  each,  are  geometrized- 
given  their  places,  or  position  in  the  organization  and 
this  preparatory  process  has  for  its  identifying  corres- 
pondent, the  cooking  process  for  grain,  fruit,  and  meat  for 
the  physiological  organism. 

'  'In  the  condition  which  man  finds  most  of  the  natural  sub- 
stances used  as  food  they  are  difficult  of  digestion.  By  the  appli- 
cation of  heat  he  can  change  the  character  of  his  food,  and  make  it 
more  palatable  and  more  easily  digestible.  The  application  of  heat 
to  animal  and  vegetable  substances  for  the  purpose  of  attaining  these 
objects  constitutes  the  science  and  art  of  cookery."  Encyc. 
Brit. 


A  MECHAiNICAL  PHILOSOPHY  LI 

Corresponding  to  this  application  of  heat  to  raw 
foodstuffs  is  the  ideation  of  the  elements  as  set  forth  in  the 
diagram,  the  character  of  the  speech-like  terms  is  changed 
in  favor  of  a  relating  intelligibility.  The  Ideal  World 
of  Responsibility,  dividing  off  the  Actual  World  of  In- 
telligence from  the  Real  World  of  Intelligibility,  is  an  ex- 
ample in  the  science  and  art  of  Arcliitectonic-structiiral- 
ization  in  Law. 

The  Ideal  World  of  Responsibilit\-  is  the  live  social 
organism  whose  internal  medium  is  the  Actual  World  of 
Intelligent  sense,  and  whose  external  medium  is  the  Real 
World  of  Intelligible  principle. 

Quite  familiar  to  the  well  infoi'med  is  the  directness 
of  the  relationship  of  the  social  organism  to  the  capricious 
believing  senses,  and  its  indirectness  to  the  fixed  estab- 
lished principles. 

'  'The  aim  of  philosophy  is  to  banish  indifference,  and  to  learn 
the  necessit}^  of  things.  By  that  means  The  Other  is  seen  to  stand 
over  agianst  Its  Other.  An  important  step  in  thinking  has  been 
taken,  when  we  cease  to  use  phrases  like;  Of  course  something  else 
is  also  possible.  While  we  so  speak,  we  have  not  3^et  thrown  off  con- 
tingency: and  all  true  thinking,  we  have  alreadv  said,  is  a  thinking 
of  necessity."     Wallace's  Hegal.  p.  191 — 92. 

Men  with  spirituahstic  fancies,  have  for  thousands  of 
years,  attempted  to  do  actually  i.  e.,  intelligently, 
what  the  Code  does  really,  i.  e.,  intelligibly,  namely, 
answer  the  question,  what  does  it  all  mean? 

How  the  codified  laws  work  out  this  intent  of  tlieir 
content  calls  for  deeper  mining  than  prefatory  surface  ojje- 
rations.  But  what  is  of  much  more  importance  to  man- 
kind now,  is  the  negative  operation  of  Law — the  sanction, 
the  positive  form  of  evil. 

Independence  is  the  common  parlance  equivalent  for 
the  diagrammatizable  term  Civilization.  Evil  and  Sub- 
jugation are  the  similar  equivalents. 

'  Two  things  I  contemplate  w^ith  ceaseless  awe; 

The  stars  of  heaven,  and  Man's  sense  of  Law."  Kant. 

Of  all  intelligent  animals,  man,  and  man  alone,  has 


12  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

the  faculty  of  sensing  intelligible  principles. 

This  specific  faculty    of     the  actual-ly     intelligent 

senses,  and  the  ration-al  (quotient-like)  function  of  the 
real-ly  intelligible  principles  unit-e  to  form  an  ideal-ly 
responsible  person. 

This  responsibility  is  an  emergent,  and  as  different 
from  either  of  its  elements  as  water  is  from  the  oxygen 
and  the  hydrogen  which  compose  it.  Moreover,  it  is  a 
form  of  Life, — Social. 

Animal  Life  and  Social  Life  demonstrate  in  a  note- 
worthy way  the  philosophical  value  of  Lewes'  remark, 
that  "A  thing  is  what  it  does."  The  former  is  a  strife 
where,  "Might  is  Right,"  the  latter  is  a  striving  where 
'  'Right  is  Might ;' '  the  one  is  a  prey-er,  the  other  is  a  pray- 
er. In  short,  the  one  is  subjugation,  and  the  other  is 
civilization,  and  the  office  of  philosophy  is  to  so  '  'banish 
indifference,  and  explain  the  necessity  of  things,"  as  to 
make  these  truths  self-evident.  Social  Life  then,  is  a 
striving,  a  conation,  a  collective  effort,  a  working  arrange- 
ment of  independent  agents  in  com-petition  (together 
pins  praying)  to  serve  one  another,  and  it  is  manifestly 
the  business  of  philosophy,  and  of  philosophers  to  so 
explain  the  difference  between  prey-ing  (Subjugation), 
and  pray-ing  (Civilization),  prey-ing  on  one  another, 
and  pra\--ing  to  one  another,  that  their  real  difference 
is  that  which  obtains  between  social  food,  and  social 
poison. 

The  Law  where  Right  is  the'  'Fixed  Order' '  is  the 
given,  and  just  so  much  of  this  given  as  has  been  gotten, 
constitutes  the  total  pure  food  supply  of  the  social  organ- 
ism. 

To  those  who  are  fairly  well  informed,  it  is  manifest 
that  the  preparation  of  this  food,  the  principles  of  cook- 
ery applied  to  knowledge  produce,  is  the  one  thing  to 
which  the  whole  of  today's  mechanical  development  is 
due.     "Organic  registration  of  assimilated  material"  is, 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  13 

in  one  word,  Comprehension  (together  +  grasp) ;  the 
intelligent  sense  grasps  the  intelligible  principle,  and  the 
intelligible  principle  grasps  the  intelligent  sense,  and  the 
given  (principle)  has  become  the  gotten  given  (knowl- 
ledge) .  The  assimilation  of  the  material,  and  the  organic 
registration  are,  respectively,  growth  in  responsibility  and 
the  command  of  the  Law,  the  inability  to  not  know  a 
truth,  when  once  comprehended  (together  -  grasped) . 
This  negative  form  of  expression  of  the  Law  is  at  variance 
with  those  spiritualistic  counterfeits,  whose  personal 
'  'thou  shalt  nots' '  are  attended  by  plans  of  salvation, 
atonements,  by  substitution,  etc.,  whereas,  the  "Fixed 
Order' '  comes  into  the  field  of  personal  choice,  enforcing 
recognition  as  the  sole  acknowledgement  of  the  increased 
power  thus  conferred,  but  attached  to  each  increment  of 
this  power  is  the  Sanction,  the  penalty  for  its  abuse.  Now 
this  sanction,  these  penalties,  are  the  exact  equivalent 
of  the  impersonal  power  (the  effective  expression  of  the 
command)  given  for  use  but  taken  for  abuse;  given 
for  Civilization,  but  taken  for  Subjugation. 

Now  it  so  happens  that  the  experience  of  the  World's 
greatest  emblem  of  independence  (Civilization)  the  Amer- 
ican Flag  of  today,  1907,  has  encompassed  the  gamut, 
the  entire  scale  of  the  Law, — the  Command  ,  the  Duty, 
and  the  Sanction. 

Its  birth  in  revolution,  through  the  friendly  aid  of 
France,  but  noticably  marked  by  the  inherited  blotch  of 
slavery;  its  growth,  promoted  by  a  superior  system 
(school)  for  the  preparation  of  social  food-mathematical 
principles;  its  experience  of  the  operation  of  the  Sanc- 
tion(the  Civil  War),  a  partial  payment  for  slavery,  in- 
volving the  removal  of  the  inherited  birth-mark,  or  blotch, 
its  prime  of  the  highest  earthly  dignity  as  certified  to  by 
by  the  entire  absence  of  subjugates  under  the  then  un 
dimmed  glory  of  its  folds;    its  decay  through  serving  as 


14  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

the  badge  of  the  subjugating  force  which  successfully 
carried  into  effect  a  plan  to  make  the  many  poor  parties 
to  contracts  made  under  the  conditions  of  a  double  stan- 
dard, pay  the  few  rich  co-parties  there  to,  in  accordance 
with  the  conditions  involved  in  a  single  standard — a  legal 
victory,  but  a  moral  robber}' ;  its  temporary  rally  in  the 
destruction  of  Spanish  subjugation  in  Cuba  and  in  Porto 
Rico  and  in  the  Philipines,  but  the  appetition  for  subju- 
gation (yielded  to,  and  whetted  by  the  success  against  the 
many  poor  debtors)  determined  the  denial  of  the  Phillip- 
inos  to  their  Might  of  Right  (or  Independence)  by  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  Right  of  Might  (Subjugation)  under  the  very 
"Colors"  which  symbolized  what  it  was  raised  against; 
(the  principle  of  Indepednence.)  The  ensuing  slaughter 
could  not,  by  any  stretch  of  the  imagination,  be  dignified 
by  the  name— War.  The  personal  accounts  of  actual 
participants,  testimony  taken  by  Congressional  Commit- 
tees and  other  reliable  reports,  particularly  the  absence  of 
normal  proportion  in  the  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners, 
mdicate  an  orgy  of  blood — men,  women  and  children, 
going  down  together  in  the  general  carnival,  and  to 
this  abysmal  depth  of  inhumanity  was  carried  what  had 
been  humanity's  glory,  now  the  presiding  genius  over 
this  revel  of  death,  the  concomitant  of  Subjugation. 

To  complete  the  desecration  of  the  Flag  which  was 
consecrated  by  the  mortal  agony  of  massacred  men, 
women,  and  children  at  the  hour  of  its  birth,  it  was  raised 
over  A  SYSTEM  OF  RECONCENTRATION  CAMPS  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  prolonging  the  agonized  cries  of  the 
mother,  and  the  wails  of  terror  wrung  from  the  children, 
which  the  comparatively  merciful  massacre  cut  short  by- 
that  sleep  of  grace — death. 

'  'Of  all  the  thoughts  of  God  that  are 
Borne  inward  unto  souls  afar, 

Along  the  Psalmist's  music  deep, 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  15 

Now  tell  me  if  that  any  is 
For  gift  or  grace  surpassing  this — 

'He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep. ' ' '     Mrs.  Browning. 

In  the  economy  of  the  Abbatoir  the  profitable  by- 
products include  the  saving  of  every  thing  but  the  final 
cry ;  in  the  economy  of  Subjugation  that  ghastly  cry  has 
served  the  purpose  of  two  powerful  nations — in  the 
Transvaal,  and  in  the  Phillipines. 

Spain  (Weyler),  and  England  (Chamberlain)  Christ- 
ianity's two  greatest  exemplars,  supplied  the  measure  for 
its  fitness  andConstantine  himself  who  so  successfully  float- 
ed Christianity  that  to  this  day  he  stands  unrivalled  as  a 
promoter,  could  not  have  more  successfully  carried  out 
the  planned  plan  than  the  United  States  (Roosevelt) 
did. 

McKinley's  two  messages  to  Congress  denounced 
Spain's  use  of  the  plan  in  the  following  terms : 

It  utterly  failed  as  a  war  measure.  It  was  not  civilized  warfare,  it 
was  extermination  and  the  only  peace  it  could  beget  was  that  of 
the  wilderness  and  the  grave." 

But  despite  this  righteous  arraignment  of  a  measure, 
surpassing  all  brutality  by  far,  his  successor  adopted  it 
in  the  Phillipines,  creating,  according  to  Congressional 
accounts,  a  collossal  system  whose  victims  numbered 
some  hundreds  of  thousands,  and  the  home-loving  Philli- 
pino  succumbed — the  independent  agent,  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the  '  'final  cry,"  became  the  subjugate. 

The  raising  of  the  "STARS  and  STRIPES/'  the 
GLORY  of  HUMANITY  over  this  SYSTEM  of  RECON- 
CENTRATION  CAMPS  was  for  Time's  stage  the  most 
tragic  event ;  the  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  of  the  United  States,  with  his  seven  millions  of  bal- 
loting support,  the  greatest  tragedian;  and  the  Audient 
World  witness  to  an  invocation  of  the  Sanction  calling 
for  a  higher  test  than  has  ever  been  ap])lied  to  the  equal- 
izing Law. 


16  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

The  Sanction  neither  forgives  nor  forgets ;  its  verity 
as  distinguished  from  the  counterfeit  scheme  of  redemp- 
tion, or  plan  of  salvation  gotten  up  for,  and  floated  by 
the  subjugator  Constantine,  comes  out  distinctly  in  the 
lime-light  of  purposiveness.  The  intent  of  the  content 
of  the  Sanction,  its  purpose,  is  the  infliction  of  punish- 
ment in  that  necessitious  (choiceless)  impersonal  way, 
wherein,  '  'barter,  substitution,  surplus  endowments  or 
offerings  in  one  direction,  to  atone  for  lack  in  another," 
has  no  place. 


What  the  careful  student  has  noted  from  the  hurried 
survey  of  the  formula,  considered  as  Nature's  Legal  Code, 
and  the  two  digests  therefrom,  is  that  we  may  have  two 
distinct  forms  of  Philosophy,— the  impersonal  which 
IS  diagrammatical,  mathematical,  and  mechanical,  and 
therefore,  characterized  throughout  by  necessity;  and 
the  personal  which  is  dialectical,  aesthetical,  and  ethical, 
and  therefore,  marked  throughout  by  choice.  The 
impersonal  is  the  same  for  everyone ;  the  personal  is  the 
different  in  every  one.  The  two  are  opposites,  and,  there- 
fore, complemental ;  not  contraries,  excluding  one  anoth- 
er. "There  is  always  a  certain  relation  between  opposites; 
they  unfold  themselves,  though  in  different  directions, 
from  the  same  root,  as  the  positive  and  negative  forces 
of  electricity,  and  in  their  very  opposition  uphold  and 
sustain  one  another:  while  contraries  encounter  one  an- 
other from  quarters  quite  diverse,  and  one  only  subsists 
in  the  exact  degree  that  it  puts  out  of  working  the  other." 
Trench. 

From  these  considerations  it  would  appear  that  Phil- 
osophy had  been  hopping  around  on  only  one  of  its  two 
legs,  and,  since  a  hop  is  a  hiatus,  every  effort  by  philoso- 
ph\'  to  go  anywhere  means  the   establishment   of  a  miss- 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  17 

ing   link,    and   missing   links   most   effectiiallv   develope 
perplexity. 

After  taking  the  usual  eight  year  course  in  Philosophy- 
and  having  rendered  a  satisfactory  thesis,  the  student  is 
given  a  PH.  D.  The  course  so  taken  consists  in  the  study 
of  the  dialectical  (speech-like)  accounts  of  personal  inves- 
tigations into  the  nature  of  the  "Order  of  Things,"  and 
ends  in  perplexity.  The  explanation  of  this  '  'Order' '  has 
been,  and  is,  the  end  aimed  at  by  all  philosophical  re- 
search, in  pursuance  of  the  belief  that  '  'whatsoever  cur- 
osity  the  order  of  things  has  awakened  in  our  minds,  the 
order  of  things  can  satisfy.' ' — Emerson. 

The  dialectical  (speech-like)  accounts  are  volitional. 
or  choice-like,  expressing  in  some  respect  the  opinion  of 
a  man,  or  the  will  of  a  God, — a  personal  account. 

The  diagrammatical  (sign-like)  account  of  the  form- 
ula is  a  mechanical,  or  choice-less  demonstration  by  the 
"Rectangular  Co-ordinate,"  considered  as  the  codifying 
principle  by  which  Nature's  Laws  systematize  into  a  com- 
pletely unified  code, — an  impersonal  account. 

The  application  of  the  organic  properties  and  powers 
of  the  elements  of  this  unit  in  the  diagrammatical  diges- 
tion of  the  subject  MIND  and  its  complemental  predicate 
WORK  brought  into  view  at  once,  a  philosophical  psy- 
chology and  an  illustration  of  the  Hegelian  Wallace's 
remark  that,  '  'the  aim  of  philosophy  is  to  banish  indiff- 
erence, and  to  learn  the  necessity  of  things.  By 
that  means  the  other  is  seen  to  stand  over  against  its 
other." 

Every  subject  has  its  own  predicate;  every  idea  has 
its  own  reality;   every  name  has  its  own  thing. 

'  'A  mere  name,  if  people  would  but  reflect,  is  nothing,  or  is  cer- 
tainly what  a  name  is  not.  In  a  desert  island  a  wrecked  sailor  might 
call  a  sovereign  a  mere  sovereign,  or  a  mere  piece  of  metal.  But  in 
Society  that  sovereign  means  food  and  life.  In  the  same  manner  a 
name  in  a  living  language  is  never  a  mere  name.  A  name  is  nothing 
if  it  is  not  the  name  of  a  thing,  a  thing  is  nothing  if  it  is  not  the  thing 
of  a  name.' '     Max  Mueller.    Science  of  Thought,  p.  34. 


18  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

Nature  is  the  name  of  the  universe  of  things ;  things 
are  the  isolates  of  the  name  Nature;  the  whole  and  its 
parts,  and  the  parts  of  their  whole,  are  each  others  own 
other.  The  pushing  and  pulling  legs  are,  respectively, 
the  negative  and  the  positive  aspects  of  the  human  step, 
they  are  each  others  own  other,  in  other  words, — opposi- 
sites. 

The  negative  and  the  positive  elements  of  the  '  'Rect- 
angular Co-ordinate' '  (the  knowledge  unit)  are  opposite 
quantities  of  oppositely  directed  motion, — equal  lengths 
of  horizontal  and  vertical  lines  (demonstrative  motion). 
Reference  to  the  dictionary  under  the  term  '  'Notation,' ' 
shows  that  the  horizontal  line  signifies  ''Nothing,"  or 
'  'Negation;' '  the  vertical  line  signifies  '  'Not' '  or  '  'Con- 
tradiction,.' '  The  terms  '  'not' '  and  '  'nothing' '  are  dia- 
lectical; the  terms  '  'contra-diction' '  and  "negation' '  are 
diagrammatical,  or  speech-like  and  sign-like, — opposites; 
the  former  is  the  "First  Law  of  Thought,"  and  the 
latter  the  ''First  Law  of  Motion,"  in  their  rectified 
(distilled)  forms.  '  'The  Laws  of  Thought' '  belong  to 
the  "sign-like"  (Sematical)  class,  or  order  of  phenomena; 
those  of  "Motion"  to  the  "body-like"  (Physical), 
respectively,  ideas  and  things. 

In  the  domain  of  Knowledge  qua  Knowledge  ideas 
and  things  are  opposites.  Divesting  the  two  elements  of 
their  motions  (the  lines)  there  remains  two  points,  or 
places  in  opposition,  oppositely  classified,  and  oppositely 
polarized. 

'  'A  point  is  that  which  has  place,  or  position  in  space  without 
occupying  any  part  of  it.' '     Davies. 

One  point,  therefore,  represents  the  absokite,  the 
loosed.  Two  points  represent  the  relative,  the  fixed — 
through  their  opposition.  The  Absolute,  the  loosed,  is 
proper  to  the  fancy  of  the  non-rational  animal,  the  abnor- 
mal or  irrational  man,  or  their  creations  as  manifest  in 


A  MECHANICAL  PMILOSOPIIV  19 

attem[)ts  to  personalize  the  impersonal  '  'fixed  order' '. 
The  Relative,  the  fixed,  is  proper  to  the  organic  his- 
torization  of  the  '  'Order  of  Things' '.  Now  experience 
teaches  that  the  '  'loosed' '  condition  reads  chaos,  and  the 
''fixed"  reads  cosmos,  respectively,  anarchy  and  order 
contrariety  and  opposition . 

'  'A  condition  is  any  circumstance  necessary  to  the  production 
of  a  phenomenon.  All  the  conditions  of  a  phenomenon  taken  to- 
gether constitute  its  cause.' '     Sully.     Outlines  of  Psych,  p.  8. 

Evidentlv  order  is  the  fixed  product  of  opposition, 
i.  e.  order,  in  its  fixity,  appears  and  disappears  with  the 
appearance  and  disappearance  of  opposition,  as  exempli- 
fied in  two  points.  Polarity  gives  specific  direction  to 
the  oppositely  conditioned  places,  the  one  verticall}-  and 
the  other  horizontally,  so  to  speak,  an  order  of  order  or 
LAW. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  this  inquiry  has  for  its 
object  the  investigation  of  the  claims  of  the  '  'Geometry 
of  Position' '  to  demonstrate  the  '  'Law  where  Right  is  the 
Fixed  Order,"  and  that  the  "Geometry  of  Position,"  so 
considered,  consists  in  the  i)roperties  and  the  powers  of 
the  "Rectangular  Co-ordinate,"  applied  to  fundamental 
]3rinciples. 

'  'We  familiarly  speak  of  a  Kind  of  things  meaning  a  class  of 
things,  and  the  kind  consists  of  those  things  which  are  Akin,  or  come 
of  the  same  race."     JEVONS. 

The  kinship,  therefore,  referred  to  b)^  the  '  'Classification' ' 
of  the  points,  or  places,  is  that  which  obtains  between 
ideas  and  things  considered  as  substance  of  the  third 
order,  and  that  of  the  first  order;  the  green  having  the 
sematical  reference,  and  the  red  the  ph\'sical.  Bearing 
in  mind  that  the  oppositoin  signifies  order  through  fixity, 
andthatthePolarizationmeansLaw,  or  directed  order,  and 
that  the  classification  exemplifies  a  fundamental  kinship 
between  ideas  and  things,  we  may  proceed  by  the  directed 
steps  imposed  through  the  impersonal  conditions. 


20  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

From  the  generatrix,  or  pushing  point,  to  the  direc- 
trix or  pulHng  point  of  each  element,  is  a  pathway  of  theo- 
retical motion,  explanation,  literally,  out-spread- working. 
This  accords  with  the  modem  definition  of  theory, — '  'it 
must  be  intelligible  and  diagrammatical,  or  it  has  no  title 
to  the  name    theory."     Diet,  of  Phil,  and  Psych. 

Both  lines  are  rightwise.  Personal  righteousness 
and  this  impersonal  right-wise-ness  are  each  others  own 
other. 

"Wisdom,"  says  Jordan,  "  is  knowing  what  one  ought  to  do 
next.  Virtue  is  doing  it.  Doing  right  becomes  habit  if  it  is  pur- 
sued long  enough.  It  becomes  a  '  second  nature ',  or  a  higher  hered- 
ity. The  formation  of  a  higher  heredity  of  wisdom  and  virtue,  of 
knowing  right  and  doing  right,  is  the  basis  of  character  building." 
Foot  Notes  of  Evolution,  p.  264. 

Accordingly,  in  building  of  ideal  (ought  to  be)  struct- 
ures, whether  it  is  in  the  architectural  home  for  the  family, 
or  in  the  architect onical  family  for  the  home,  consciously, 
or  unconsciousiy,  we  appeal  to  Geometry  for  the  necessary 
right-wise-ness  or  right-eous-ness,  as  the  case  may  be. 

6 

Architecture  treats  of  actually  perishable  goods,  arch- 
itectonic of  really  imperishable  goods.  The  time  and  the 
efforts  of  the  father  and  mother,  the  generating  elements 
of  the  home  and  the  family,  are  divided  between  the  atten- 
tion given  to  the  consideration  of  the  two  kinds  of  goods, 
the  body-like  or  material  comforts  of  the  one,  and  the  sign- 
like, or  rational  culture  of  the  other.  The  one  for  the 
benefit  of  the  animal,  or  actual  life,  and  the  other  for  the 
advancement  of  the  social,  or  ideal  life,  both  mental 
operations,  and,  therefore,  work,  but  of  different  kinds. 
It  is  the  business  of  philosophy  to  explain,  literally,  out 
spread,  the  kinship  between  the  actual  life,  and  the  ideal 
life,  in  the  terms  of,  and  in  the  form  of,  and  in  accordance 
with  the  rules  of  the  real  law,  the  full  and  complete  banish- 


A  MECHANICAL  PHIL(  )S()PH\'  21 

ment  of  indifference.  The  two  kinds  of  life  in  the  hght>>^ 
one  kind  of  work.-  '  'Law,  where  Right  is  the  Fixed  Or- 
der. ' ' 

The  opposite  fixity  of  any  two  oppositely  classified 
points  or  places,  when  oppositely  directed  by  polarity,  con- 
stitute the  fundamental  conditions  necessary  for  the  stru- 
cturalization  of  a  metrical  pathway  by  which  the  actually 
inseperable  things  may  be  rendered  really  separable  in 
corresponding  ideas  that  are  organically  akin.  Organic 
kinship,  as  demonstrated  by  the  ''Digest,"  consists  in 
that  idiomorphic  (own  peculiarty  +  shape)  property  of 
the  polarized  right  line  which  enables  it  to  carry  funda- 
mental principles  gestant,  i.  e.  in  the  particular  way  which 
enables  them  to  answer  questions  conceptually.  When 
questions  are  answered  in  a  strictly  impersonal  way,  i.  e. 
intelligibly  and  diagrammatically,  whether  single  terms, 
or  single  characters  are  used,  they  may  be  said  to  be  ans- 
wered conceptually.  Architectonic  makes  use  of  single 
terms  in  the  structuralization  of  ratio-nal,  quotient-like 
character  building;  architecture  of  single  characters  in 
in  material,  body-like  mechanical  building,  but  the  appeal 
of  each  is  the  same, — to  the  "Law,  where  Right  is  the 
Fixed  Order,"  the  one  for  righteousness,  the  other  for 
right-wise-ness. 

Now  then  for  so-called  Christendom,  the  private 
homes,  the  public  structures,  the  means  of  intercommun- 
ication, railway,  steamship,  and  telegraph  lines,  all  attest 
to  the  use  of  knowledge, — the  architectural  recognition  of. 
and  respect  for  the  intelligibly  diagrammatical  "Law, 
where  Right  is  the  Fixed  Order. ' '  But  then  for  the  others, 
the  razed  homes,  the  pestilential  camps,  the  careful! 
planned  and  deliberate  torture  of  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  women  and  children  for  a  political  profit,  the  censorized 
accotmts,  the  adulterated  contracts,  the  hypocritical  wor- 
ship by  perfidious  nations  and  treacherous  individuals, 
all  attest  to  the  abuse  of  knowledge,  the  defiance  of  the 


22  PREFATORY  LESvSONS  IN 

cnmmand  and  the  contemning  of  the[sanction  of  the  '  Law, 
wnere  Right  is  the  Fixed  Order.' ' 

The  neglect  of  the   Law — mathematical  principles 
with  their  concomitant  mechanical  development,  by  the 
pagan  Asian,  rendered  him  an  easy  victim  to  the  Christian 
violator.     However  the  neglectful  pagan  is  making  amends 
with  phenomenal  strides  in  the  acquisition  of  mathemat- 
ical principles,  meanwhile  the  violating  Christian  is  ac- 
quiring misgivings,  if  not  alarm,  at  the  prospect  of  an  earl\- 
equalization.     England,     with    its     proverbial     perfid>-. 
is  rightlv  quaking  with  fear,  for  equivalence  in  its  accounts 
means  a  fate  of  incalculable  misery.     Their  sole  hope  rests 
on  the  Christianization  of  the  pagan  nations,  with  its 
scheme  of  redemption,  or  plan  of  salvation  advocating  the 
forgetting  and  forgiving  of  all  kinds  of  personal  injuries. 
But,  as  has  been  demonstrated,  the  sanction,  or  the  penal 
powers  of  the  "Law,  where  Right  is  the  Fixed  Order." 
neither  forgets  nor  forgives,  but  unfailingly  punishes  each 
and  every  subjugative  act,  and  the  scheme  of  redemption 
or  plan  of   salvation,   which  found  such  favor  in  the  po- 
litical eye  of  Constantine  is,  in  the  light  of  history,  the 
most  effective  fraud  that  super- intelligent  inhumanity  has 
yet  found  available  for  its  frightful  purposes. 

Inhumanity  is  brutality  multiplied  by  the  Law,  and 
the  experience  of  the  "American  Flag,"  in  the  subjuga- 
tion of  the  Phillipino,  furnishes  examples  that  leave  no 
explanatory  want  unsupplied.  One  characteristic  which 
marks  off  the  man  from  all  other  animals  is  his  power  to 
analyze.  The  analysis  of  that  partial  application  of  the 
'  'Reconcentration  Camp  System' '  for  the  years  1902-03- 
04,  inclusive  ("Our  Phillipine  Problem,"  p.  132.  Willis.) 
where  more  than  451,000  victims  were  penalized,  involves 
the  destruction  of  more  than  90,000  homes  (allowing  five 
members  to  each  family)  by  razing,  or  fire.  The  home  and 
and  the  family  are,  under  normal  conditions,  '  'each  others 
own  other.' '     Then  more  than  four  fifths  must  have  been 


A  MFXHANTCAL   IMlILOSOPin'  2:5 

women  and  children,  for  tlie  punishment  imposed  upon 
the  family  was  for  the  account  of  the  fathers,  absent, 
and  battling  for  the  principle  of  independence.  It  must 
not  be  forgotten  that  this  especial  form  of  inhumanit\-, 
which  McKinley  called  'extermination,"  has  been  ex- 
perienced by  none  but  the  most  heroic  defenders  of  the 
principle  of  independence  that  the  Law  has  ever  been 
called  upon  to  honor.  The  90,000  architectural  homes 
and  the  90,000  architectonical  families,  are  for  philosophy, 
90,000  complemental  opposites.  The  90,000  mothers, 
and  the  270,000  children,  are,  for  philosophy,  360,000 
victims, — a  sacrifice  by  humanity  to  the  upholding  of 
of  the  principle  of  independence.  By  parity  of  reasoning, 
the  victors  are  the  upholders  of  the  principle  of  subjuga- 
tion. 

The  ''Digest,''  in  demonstrating  the  explanatory 
properties  and  powers  of  Algebra  in  ethical  phenomena, 
shows  that  Civilization,  (the  verbalized-noun  form  of  the 
term  Independence),  and  Subjugation  (the  verbalized- 
noun  form  of  the  term  Dependence)  are  contraries.  '  'One 
only  subsists  in  the  exact  degree  that  it  puts  out  of  work- 
ing the  other."  Experiential  accounts  of  the  victims  at  the 
hands  of  the  victors  is  not  quantitatively  complete,  but 
abundant;  qualitatively  the  accounts  are  ghastly,  the 
idea  of  an  army  of  disembodied  souls  is  so  strongly  sug- 
gested that  no  other  term  can  give  adequate  meaning  to 
the  awful  price.  All  offerings  to  the  holy  of  holies  are 
surpassed  in  this  oriental  immolation. 


Analysis  tends  to  promote  reflection,  and  it  is  by  re- 
flection that  responsibility,  asserting  itself,  suggests  recog- 
nition of  and  respect  for  the  Law, — its  command  and  its 
sanction.  Consideration  of  what  the  victors  deprived 
these  451.000  victims  of,  while  the  admonitory  warnings 


24  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

of  the  statesmen  Hoar,  Edmund, Schurz,  Adams,  and  many 
others,  were  heard  throughout  the  land,  will  help  to  keep 
the  Law  in  view.  Theodore  Parker's  Essay  on  '  'Home' ' 
is  an  instructive  aid. 

'To  most  men,  home  is  the  dearest  spot  in  the  world.  The 
home  of  our  childhood,  long  after  we  become  old  men,  is  conse- 
crated by  the  very  tenderest  of  memories  There  is  still  the  cradle 
which  rocked  and  sheltered  us  in  its  Httle  nest,  which  was  once  the 
ark  of  a  mothers'  hope.  Dr.  Arnold,  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  re- 
ligious EngUshmen  of  the  present  age,  says  that  he  knows  God  only 
through  Christ.  I  should  respect  him  more  if  he  had  only  said  he 
knew  God  through  his  mother ;  for  the  mother  is  still  to  the  hungry 
hearts  of  mortals  the  fairest,  the  holiest  incarnation  of  the  ever-liv- 
ing, ever-loving  God.  It  is  she  who  feeds  our  body  from  her  own 
body's  Hfe;  it  is  she  who  feeds  our  soul  from  her  own  spirit's  life. 
She  taught  the  feet  to  walk,  the  tongue  to  speak,  guided  our  stam- 
mering Ups.  Her  conscience  went  before  us  as  a  great  wakening 
light,  and  it  is  through  her  that  we  first  became  acquainted  with  our 
Father,  God. 

Then  to  most  men  their  actual  home,  not  that  which  they  in- 
herit in  their  memories,  from  their  fathers'  and  their  mothers'  love, 
but  that  which  they  have  made  out  of  their  own  love,  is  the  center 
of  the  world  and  its  paradise  for  them.     There  are  those  for  whom 
we  would  lay  down  our  Hves,  and  be  proud  of  the  sacrifice,  counting 
it  a  dehght,  not  a  denial,  a  great  triumph.     There  are  the  tenderest 
friends,  whose  daily  intercourse  beautifies  us  with  the  remernbrance 
of  mutual  kindness  and  forbearance.     There  husband  and  wife  bear 
and  forbear,  give  and  forgive — for  the  wedded  life  is  ruled  by  the 
same  elements  as  those  that  rule  and  checker  the  sky. 
'  O'er  which  serene  and  stormy  days. 
With  sway  alternate  go. ' 
There  are  the  little  olive-plants  that  spring  about  the  table, 
there  are  brothers  and  sisters,  and  those  not  joined  always  by  kin- 
dred blood,  but  by  the  tenderer  ties  of  kindred  soul.. 

'  'In  families  where  only  fihal  and  parental  love  is  the  bond  that 
joins,  and  not  connubial  love,  there  is  the  same  attachment,  tender- 
ness, and  fondness  for  home. 

In  all  our  homes  error  has  been,  for  blood  ill-tempered  vexes  all 
but  the  rarest  of  men.  There  have  been  pain  and  penitence  for  the 
error,  but  mutual  forgiveness  brings  a  divine  blossom  out  of  the 
human  weed.  Sickness  has  been  there,  and  pain  has  wrung  the 
brow.  There  have  been  many  a  sorrow  and  tear  for  hope  deferred, 
for  mutual  disappointment;  sorrow  for  the  wrong  we  suffer,  and 
worser  sorrow  for  the  wrong  we  do.  Death  has  also  been  there,  now 
joyous,  now  melancholy, — death  giving  a  sacredness  to  the  home, 
for  the  house  in  which  one  has  never  been  bom,  or  in  which  one  has 
never  been  born  to  the  other  world,  is  only  half  a   house;    it    is    a 


A  MECHANICAL  F^HILOSOPHV  25 

fancy  of  the  carpenter  and  of  the  painter,  it  waits  for  the  finish 
of  life.  Life,  too,  is  there,  for  the  family  is  the  gate  of  entrance  to 
the  mortal,  and  the  gate  of  exit  to  the  immortal  world."  Lessons 
From  the   World  of  Matter  and   the  World  of  Man.  p.  200. 

What  Theodore  Parker  has  done  so  fully,  in  the  essa\- 
dialectically,  A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  has  done 
completely  in  the  Formula  and  the  Digest,  namely,  ex- 
plained that  the  transformation  of  the  lair  into  the  home 
constitutes  the  highest  practical  form  of  refination  as  a 
process  of  the  Law,  by  the  Law,  and  for  the  Law,  that  the 
Law  has  vouchsafed  to  its  independent  agents. 


We  have  now  to  leave  the  Home  and  the  family, — 
Civilization's  triumph,  and  attend  the  '  'Reconcentration 
Camp' '  and  the  family,— Subjugation's  greatest    success. 

As  Theodore  Parker's  essay  illumines  the  relation 
bewteen  the  Home  and  the  family,  so,  a  dignified  speech 
delivered  in  the  United  States  Senate,  early  in  1902,  by  one 
of  the  members  from  Georgia,  arraigning  the  Adminis- 
tration for  its  operations  of  unparalelled  inhumanity  in 
the  Phillipine  Islands,  will  serve  to  enlighten  us  on  ths 
relation  between  the  Reconcentration  Camp  and  the  fam- 
ily. Individual  or  isolated  instances  of  brutality  are  one 
thing,  but  a  carefully  planned  scheme,  cooly  and  deliber- 
ately considered,  then  upon  adoption,  authoritatively 
ordered  into  execution  by  a  historian-headed  Cabinet,  for 
the  seriate  torture  of  helpless  women  and  children,  with 
the  examples  of  two  other  Christian  nations  as  a  deter- 
rent, is  decidedly  another  thing. 
Senator  Bacon  says : 

'  'We  are  apt  to  think  about  the  reconcentrado  camps  simply 
in  connection  with  sufferings  which  may  be  endured  by  those  within 
the  camps ;  and  in  the  case  of  the  Cuban  reconcentrado  camps,  where 
there  was  not  food,  then,  of-course,  all  the  added  horrors  of  that 
tropical  climate  constituted  one  of  the  features  of  the  reconcentrado 


26  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

camps.  But  the  greatest  horror  and  the  greatest  suffering  which  are 
occasioned  by  the  reconcentrado  camps  is  not  the  horror  and  the  suff- 
ering within  the  camp,  but  the  horror  and  the  suffering  without  the 
camp .  When  a  general  prescribes  a  certain  hmited  area  within  which 
he  says  all  the  people  must  congregate,  there  must  be  the  correspond- 
ing direction  which  will  enforce  that  order ;  and  the  corresponding 
direction  is  that  everything  outside  of  those  prescribed  limits  shall 
be  without  protection,  and,  both  as  to  property  and  life,  be  subject 
to  destruction.  Only  in  that  way  can  people  be  carried  within  the 
limits  of  the  reconcentrado  camps.  It  is  because  life  is  unsafe  out 
of  them,  because  life  is  almost  certain  to  be  sacrificed  out  of  them, 
because  all  property  left  outside  is  to  be  destroyed,  because  all 
houses  are  to  be  burned,  because  the  country  is  to  be  made  a  desert 
waste,  because  within  a  camp  is  a  zone  of  life  and  without  the  camp 
a  wide-spread  area  of  death  and  desolation.  That  is  what  a  recon- 
centrado camp  means.  Do  you  suppose  if  there  is  an  invitation  to 
people  to  come  within  a  reconcentrado  camp,  that  they  are  going  to 
come  there  unless  they  are  forced  there?  Is  there  any  way  to 
force  them  except  to  say  that  it  is  death  to  remain  outside  ? 
-rl  "Why,  Mr.  President,  when  the  Hmited  area  of  a  reconcentrado 
camp  is  prescribed,  the  people  cannot  be  collected  and  driven  in 
there.  The  soldiers  cannot  go  out  and  find  them  and  drive  them  in 
as  you  would  a  drove  of  horses.  It  is  only  by  putting  upon  them 
this  order,  this  pressure  of  Hfe  and  death,  that  they  are  made  to  flee 
within  thelimits  of  the  reconcentrado  camps  to  escape  the  torch  and 
the  sword  that  destroys  all  without.  When  a  general  prescribes  a 
reconcentrado  camp, — and  I  am  going,  before  I  get  through,  to 
read  Bell's  order  to  show  that  that  is  what  it  means, — when  a  gener- 
al prescribes  a  reconcentrado  camp,  he  practically  says  that  every- 
body must  come  inside  or  die :  he  practically  says  to  his  soldiers 
'  Those  who  do  not  get  inside  shall  be  slaughtered ' ;  and  the  prac- 
tical operation  is  that  those  who  do  not  get  inside  are  slaughtered. 

"Mr.  President,  I  want  to  read  to  you  a  description  of  a  reconcen- 
trado camp,  I  will  say  that  this  letter  is  written  by  an  officer  whom 
I  know  personally,  and  for  whom  I  vouch  in  my  place  in  the  Senate 
as  a  high-toned  man  and  a  courageous  and  chivalric  officer,  one 
who  does  his  duty  regardless  of  whether  he  approves  of  the  cause 
in  which  he  is  told  to  fight  or  not,  and  one  in  every  way  worthy  of 
confidence  and  esteem.  This  letter  was  written  by  him  with  no 
injunction  of  secrecy  in  it,  because  he  had  no  idea  or  thought  that 
it  would  ever  be  made  public.  I  make  it  pubhc  now  simply  for  the 
information  of  the  Senate,  in  order  that  they  may  have  some  idea 
of  what  a  reconcentrado  camp  is.  I  omit  the  name  of  the  place  from 
which  the  letter  was  written  for  the  same  reason  that  I  omit  the 
name  of  the  officer.  I  will  not  say  any  more  of  him  than  that 
he  is  a  graduate  of  West  Point  and  a  profesional  soldier.  I  will 
state  further  that  there  is  some  allusion  in  the  letter  to  vampires. 
A  vampire  in  those  islands  is  a  bird  about  the  si.-^c  of  a  crow,  which 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  27 

wheels  and  circles  above  the  head  at  night,  and  which  is  plainly 
visible  at  night.  As  I  have  said,  I  know  the  officer  personally  and 
vouch  for  him  in  every  way.  Senators  will  see  from  the  reading  of 
this  letter  that  it  is  simply  the  casual  and  ordinary  narration  of  a 
friend  writing  to  a  friend.     He  says: — 'On  our  way  over  here  we 

stopped  at in  peaceful to  leave  our  surplus  stuff  so  as  to 

get  into ',  I  have  left  out  these  names 'light  shape;  and, 

as  we  landed  at  midnight  there,  they  weren't  satisfied  with  bolos 
and  shotguns,  but  little  brown  brother  actually  fired  upon  us  with 
brass  cannon  in  that  officially  quiet  burg  under  efficient  civil  gov- 
ernment. What  a  farce  it  all  is !'  That  is  his  comment  on  that  fact . 
'  'Well,  consider,  ten  miles  and  over  down  the  coast,  we  found  a 
great  deposit  of  mud  just  off  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  after  wait- 
ing eight  hours  managed  to  get  over  the  bar  without  being  stuck  but 
three  times — ^and  the  tug  drew  three  feet.  Then  eight  miles  up  a 
slimv,  winding  bayou  of  a  river  until  at  4  A.  M.  we  struck  a  piece  of 
spongy  ground  about  twenty  feet  above  sea-level.  Now  you 
have  us  located.  It  rains  conntinually  in  a  way  that  would  have 
made  Noah  marvel.  And  trails,  if  you  can  find  one,  make  the 
'  'Slough  of  Despond' '  seem  like  an  asphalt  pavement.  Now  this 
little  spot  of  black  sogginess  is  a  reconcentrado  pen,  with  a  dead 
line  outside, beyond  which  everything  living  is  shot.  This  corpse- 
carcass  stench  wafted  in  and  combined  with  some  lovely  munic- 
ipal odors  besides  makes  it  slightly  unpleasant  here. 

"Upon  arrival  I  found  thirty  cases  of  small-pox  and  average  fresh 
ones  of  five  a  day,  which  practically  have  to  be  turned  out  to  die. 
A I  nightfall  clouds  (jf  huge  vampire  bats  softly  swirl  out  on  their 
orgies  over  the  dead.  Mosquitos  work  in  relays,  and  keep  up  their 
pestering  day  and  night.  There  is  a  pleasing  uncertainty  as  to  your 
being  boloed  before  morning  or  being  cut  down  in  the  long  grass  or 
sniped  at.  It  seems  way  out  of  the  world  without  a  sight  of  the  sea, 
— in  fact  more  like  some  suburb  of  hell.' 

•'If  that  is  a  suburb  of  hell,  Mr.  President,  what  must  hell  be! 

That  is  a  description  that  applies  to  more  than  one ;  and,  if  you  would 

order  an  investigation  of  what  has  occured  in  the  Phillipine  Islands, 

it  would,  I  have  no  doubt,  be  found  that  that  was  a  picture  of  many' ' . 

"MARKED  SEVERITIES."  P.  91-92. 

It  must  not  be  forgoten  that  the  period  1902  to  '04 
inclusive,  only  partially  covers  the  time  used  in  the  appli- 
cation of  the  '  'Camp  System' '  in  the  Phillipines,  and  that 
the  360,000  women  and  children  (although  in  number,  six 
times  as  great  as  Sherman's  Army  of  effectives,  from  '  'At- 
lanta to  the  Sea' ')  was  only  a  part  of  the  total  force  of  ef- 
fective victims  employed  to  harrow  the  souls  of  the  little 
band  of  brown  heroes  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  their  duty 


28  PREFATORY.LESSONS  IN 

to  the  Law,  fighting  for  the  principle  of  independence, 
or  civilization,  and,  therefore, ^against  the  principle  of  de- 
pendence, or  subjugation. 

Now,  the  essay  and  the  speech,  as  quoted,  were  mere- 
ly samples  of  knowledge  received  by  the  American  people 
previous  to,  or  early  in  the  application  of  the  '  'Camp  Sys- 
tem" by  their  responsible  agent,  the  President,  and. 
knowledge  invests  its  recipient  with  responsibility,  ans- 
werableness  to  the  Law.  So  that  those  millions  of  voting 
endorsers  of  his  measures  were  practically  joint  account 
with  him  in  the  ghastly  business  success. 

Why  did  the  speech-like  efforts  fail  to  deter?  The 
agony  of  the  mother  and  the  grief  of  the  children  viewing 
the  destruction  of  the  home,  then  the  anguish  attending 
the  consequent  sickness  and  death  in  the  little  family  lair, 
supplied  by  the  powerful  victors,  these  alone  should  con- 
stitute such  an  appeal  to  the  human  side  of  such  voters 
as  had  had  experience  at  the  bedside  of  death,  as  to  pre- 
vent an  endorsement  of  such  a  hellish  conception.  But 
they  did  not.  Why  do  men,  engaged  in  creating  depend- 
encies, establishing  subujugation,  act  with  a  brutality 
that  far  surpasses  that  of  any  known  brute?  So  far  as 
known  no  other  animal  but  man  has  succeeded  in  making 
a  by-product  of  a  mother's  cry  of  anguish  and  a  child's 
wail  of  terror. 

The  '  'System' '  was  invented  and  put  into  operation  in 
Cuba  in  the  Spring  of  1896  by  Spain's  General  Weyler 
Its  inhumanity  was  recognized  at  once  and  roundly  de- 
nounced, nowhere  more  vehemently  than  in  the  United 
States,  and  especially  by  the  then  President  in  message^ 
to  Congress  on  the  subject,  as  quoted.  A  few  years  later 
it  was  adopted  and  put  in  operation  by  England's  Colo- 
nial Secretary  Chamberlain  in  South  Africa.  Its  peculiar 
horror  called  out  severe  criticism  and  a  force  of  investiga- 
tors which  was  said  to  have  modified  the  method  some- 
what.    Then,  in  1902  the  President  of  the  United  States 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  29 

and  his  Cabinet  of  advisers  assumed  the  responsibiUty  of 
choosing  the  plan  in  the  subjugation  of  the  PhilUpino. 
Senator  Bacon's  speech  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  denuncia- 
tion by  America,  but  the  American  mind,  the  British 
mind  and  the  Spanish  mind  were  clearly  and  distinctly 
common  in  the  way  that  they  sensed  this  most  inhuman 
of  all  operations.  Then  if  we  can  find  some  other  thing 
in  which  they  are  common  we  may  be  inducted  to  an  ans- 
wer to  the  above  query. 

They  are  each  and  all,  Christians.  What  is  there  in  Chris- 
tianity that  corresponds  to  this  purposive  system  of  tor- 
ture? It's  Hell.  Weyler,  Chamberlain  and  Roosevelt 
the  trio  of  promoters  of  the  '  'system,' '  are  all  professional 
Christians.  The  nations  they  represent,  Spain,  England, 
and  the  United  States,  are  professionally  Christian. 

To  correspond  is  literally,  to  ' 'together,  mutuall\ 
answer.' '     So,  that  for  the  christians  hell  and  the  politi- 
cians   reconcentration    camp    system     to     be     corres- 
pondents they  must  be  purposively  alike,  of  the  same  class 
and,  therefore,  akin. 

Now,  if  we  abstract  from  Christendom  all  of  those 
products  that  are  wholly  due  to  the  application  of  math- 
ematical principles,  which  includes  practically  the  whole 
of  mechanical  development,  we  have  for  the  remainder 
the  darkness  of  the  ages  when  men  were  broken  on  racks 
burned  at  stakes,  thrown  to  wild  animals.  But  here  the 
end  came  to  the  victims  quickly:  bad  enough  certainly, 
but  not  to  be  compared  to  the  reconcentration  camp  sys- 
tem of  torture  with  its  long  drawn  out  despair,  a  compara- 
tive eternity  of  woe. 

The  vampire  and  the  political  promoter  are  strict  cor- 
respondents, both  '  'softly  swirling' '  the  one  in  the  '  'body- 
like' '  darkness  of  the  camp,' '  the  other  in  the  '  'life-like' ' 
night-time  of  the  family's  fate. 

That  Weyler  failed  was  not  his  fault,  that  Chamber- 
lain and  Roosevelt  succeeded  was  their  fault,  not  as  chris- 


30  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

tians,  but  as  independent  agents,  having  knowledge,  and 
therefore,  responsible. 

Christianity  and  subjugation  (dependence)  are  clearly 
akin;  Christianity  and  civilization  (independence)  are  as 
clearly  alien.  Christians,  individuals  and  nations,  have 
exhausted  the  category  of  inhumanity  in  the  attainment 
of  their  hellish  object  of  subjugation.  Mathematicians 
individually  and  collectively,  have  replenished  the  '  'helps 
to  the  hand  and  understanding' '  required  by  the  humani- 
ties in  their  home-building  object  of  civilization. 

The  successful  ending  of  the  application  of  the  system 
of  reconcentration  camps  in  South  Africa,  and  in  the  Phil- 
lipine  Islands  was,  according  to  philosophy's  theory  of 
ethics,  the  greatest  moral  disaster  to  which  history  '  'has 
had,  has,  or  shall  have' '  to  address  itself.  Consciously 
directed  effort  in  the  domain  cif  economics  (management) 
can  have  no  such  a  dastardly  gain  as  this  surpassed. 
And  yet,  Christianity  extolled  the  successful  promoters, 
and  neglected  (comparatively)  the  unsuccessful  inventor 
and  promoter.  Moreover,  while  the  quality  of  both 
Chamberlain's  and  Roosevelt's  operations  was  the  same 
the  quantitative  relations  were  as  much  out  of  proportion 
as  the  honors  conferred  by  their  endorsers,  university  de- 
grees falling  thick  and  fast  on  the  latter  ,  while  the  former 
received  only  the  plaudits  of  admiring  brutality.  The 
hurrahing  brutal  mob  is  one  thing,  the  extolling  inhuman 
scholar,  whether  from  the  pulpit,  the  forum,  or  the  bench, 
is  another.  The  narrow  range  in  knowledge  of  the  one, 
and  the  wide  one  of  the  other,  measures  the  difference  in 
the  value  of  their  responsibilities,  their  answerableness 
to  the  accountant  of  the  equalizing  law,  the  law  of  equiva- 
lents, the  uncompromising  and  inevitable  sanction  which 
is  attached  to  every  particle  of  knowledge. 

Christianity  is  one  of  the  many  forms  wliicli  theism, 
the  God  idea,  has  taken. 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  M 

Theism,  is  the  expression  of  the  inteUigent  senses 
in  their  general  effort  to  account  for  the  '  'order  of  things' ' 
individually,  and  the  commonness  of  the  senses,  their 
conservatism,  is  perhaps  nowhere  more  conspicuously 
demonstrated  than  it  is  in  the  way  the  intelligent  individ- 
ual elements  of  the  social  organism  maintain  their  hold 

on  that  idea. 

'  'The  frightful  absurdity  of  the  legend  of  a  God  who  avenges 
himself  for  the  disobedience  of  one  of  his  creatures  by  infHctmg  hor- 
rible tortures  on  His  son,  remained  unperceived  during  many  centu- 
ries. Such  potent  geniuses  as  a  Galileo,  a  Newton  and  a  Leibnitz 
never  supposed  for  an  instant  that  the  truth  of  such  dogmas  could 
be  called  in  question.  Nothing  can  be  more  typical  than  this  fact 
of  the  hypnotising  effect  of  general  behefs,  but  at  the  same  time 
nothing  can  mark  more  decisively  the  humihating  limitations  of 
our  intelligence. 

These  beliefs  and  customs  regulate  the  smallest  acts  of  our  ex- 
istence, and  the  most  independent  spirit  cannot  escape  their  influ- 
ence. The  tyrann)--  exercised  unconsciously  on  men's  minds  is  the 
only  real  tyranny  because  it  cannot  be  fought  against.  Tiberius, 
Ghengis  Khan  and  Napoleon  were  assuredly  redoubtable  tyrants, 
but  from  the  depths  of  their  graves  Moses,  Buddha,  Jesus  and  Ma- 
liomet  have  exerted  on  the  human  soul  a  far  profounder  despotism. 
A  conspiracy  may  overthrow  a  tyrant,  but  what  can  it  avail  against 
a  firmly  est'abhshed  belief?"     (Le  Bon). 

'  'Dieu  et  mon  Droit' '  (God  and  my  Right)  is  the 
British  motto.  Her  hundreds  of  millions  of  subjugates— 
tliose  of  China  for  the  specialized  Opium  traffic  and  those 
of  India  for  general  exploitation,  demonstrate  that  the 
right  so  claimed  and  exercised  is  the  '  'Right  of  Might' ' 
which  is  proper  to  the  '  'Mind  in  Animal' '  and  stands  in 
the  same  relation  to  the  '  'Might  of  Right' '  which  is  proper 
to  the  '  'Mind  in  Man' '  as  the  actually  conscious,  intelli- 
gent senses  of  the  animal  do  to  the  ideally  conscientious. 
intellectual  responsibilities  of  the  man. 

'  'If  I  were  an  American,' '  said  the  elder  Pitt,  '  'as  I  am  an  Eng- 
lishman, while  a  foreign  troop  was  landed  in  my  country,  I  never 
would  lay  down  my  arms — never  — never — never! 

"But,  my  Lords,  who  is  the  man  that,  in  addition  to  these  dis- 
graces and  mischiefs  of  our  army,  has  dared  to  authorize  and  associa- 
te to  our  arms  the  tomahawk  and  scalping-knife  of  the  savage;  to 
call  into  civilized  alHance  the  wild  and  inhuman  savage  of  the  woods ; 


32  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

to  delegate  to  the  merciless  Indian  the  defence  of  disputed  rights, and 
to  wage  the  horrors  of  his  barbarous  war  against  our  brethren?  My 
Lords,  these  enormities  cry  aloud  for  redress  and  punishment.  Un- 
less thoroughly  done  away,  it  will  be  a  stain  upon  the  national  char- 
acter. It  is  a  violation  of  the  Constitution.  I  believe  it  is  against  law. ' " 
In  reply,  Lord  Suffolk,  speaking  for  the  Govern- 
ment in  support  of  the  use  of  the  Indians,  said: 
'  'besides  its  policy  and  necessity  the  measure  was  also  allowable 
on  principle ;  for  that  it  was  perfectly  justifiable  to  use  all  the  means 
that  God  and  nature  put  into  our  hands." 

'  'I  am  astonished,  shocked!  to  hear  such  principles  confessed,' ' 
— exclaimed  Lord  Chatham,  as  he  rose  to  reply,'  'to  hear  them  avow- 
ed in  this  House,  or  in  this  country ;  principles  equally  unconstitu- 
tional, inhuman  and  unchristian. 

"My  Lords,  I  did  not  intend  to  have  encroached  again  upon  your 
attention,  but  I  cannot  repress  my  indignation.  I  feel  myself  im- 
pelled by  every  duty.  My  Lords,  we  are  called  upon  as  members  of 
this  House,  as  men,  as  Christian  men  to  protest  against  such  notions 
standing  near  the  Throne,  polluting  the  ear  of  majesty.  '  That  God 
and  nature  put  into  our  hands ! '  I  know  not  what  ideas  that  Lord 
may  entertain  of  God  and  nature,  but  I  know  that  such  abominable 
principles  are  equally  abhorrent  to  religion  and  humanity.  What  1 
to  attribute  the  sacred  sanction  of  God  and  nature  to  the'massacres 
of  the  Indian  scalping  knife— to  the  cannibal  savage,  torturing, 
murdering,  roasting  and  eating — literally,  my  Lords,  eating  the 
mangled  victims  of  his  barbarous  battles !  Such  horrible  notions 
shock  every  precept  of  religion,  divine  or  natural,  and  every  gen- 
erous feeHng  of  humanity.  And,  my  Lords,  they  shock  every  senti- 
ment of  honor;  they  shock  me  as  a  lover  of  honorable  war,  a  detester 
of  murderous  barbarity. 

'  'These  abominable  principles  and  this  more  abominable  avowal 
of  them,  demand  the  most  decisive  indignation.  I  call  upon  that 
right  reverend  bench,  those  holy  ministers  of  the  Gospel,  and  pious 
pastors  of  our  Church — I  conjure  them  to  join  in  the  holy  work,  and 
vindicate  the  religion  of  their  God.  I  appeal  to  the  wisdom  and  the 
law  of  this  learned  bench  to  defend  and  support  the  justice  of  their 
country.  I  call  upon  the  Bishops  to  interpose  the  unsullied  sanctity 
of  their  lawn ;  upon  the  learned  judges  to  interpose  the  purity  of 
their  ermine,  to  save  us  from  this  pollution.  I  call  upon  the 
honor  of  your  lordships,  to  reverence  the  dignity  of  your  ancestors 
and  to  maintain  your  own.  I  call  upon  the  spirit  of  humanity  of  my 
country  to  vindicate  the  national  character.  I  invoke  the  Genius 
of  the  Constitution.  From  the  tapestry  that  adorns  these  walls, 
the  immortal  ancestor  of  this  noble  lord  frowns  with  indignation  at 
the  disgrace  of  his  country. 

"In  vain  he  led  your  victorious  fleets  against  the  boasted  Armada 
of  Spain;  in   vain  he    defended   and    established    the    honor,   the 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  3;^ 

liberties,  the  religion — the  Protestant  religion — ot  this  country 
against  the  abitrary  cruelties  of  popery  and  the  Inquisition,  if 
these  more  than  popish  cruelties  and  inquisitorial  practices  are  let 
loose  among  us — to  turn  forth  into  our  settlements,  among  our  an- 
cient connections,  friends  and  relations,  the  merciless  cannibal, 
thirsting  for  the  blood  of  man,  woman  and  child;  to  send  forth  the 
infidel  savage — against  whom?  against  your  Protestant  brethren, 
to  lay  waste  their  country,  to  desolate  their  dwellings,  and  extirpate 
their  name  with  these  horrible  hell-hounds  of  savage  war — hell 
hounds,  I  say,  of  savage  war  I  Spain  armed  herself  with  blood- 
hounds to  extirpate  the  wretched  natives  of  America,  and  we 
improve  on  the  inhuman  cruelty  of  Spanish  cruelty;  we  turn  loose 
these  savage  hell-hounds  against  our  brethren  in  America,  of  the 
same  language,  laws,  liberties  and  religion,  endeared  to  us  by  every 
tie  that  should  sanctify  humanity. 

'  'My  Lords,  this  awful  subject,  so  important  to  our  honor,  our 
Constitution  and  our  religion,  demands  the  most  solemn  and  effect^ 
ual  inquiry.  And  I  again  call  upon  your  lordships,  and  the  united 
powers  of  the  State,  to  examine  it  thoroughly  and  decisively,  and 
to  stamp  upon  it  an  indelible  stigma  of  the  pubHc  abhorrence.  And 
1  again  implore  those  holy  prelates  of  our  religion  to  do  away  these 
iniquities  from  among  us.  Let  them  perform  a  lustration ;  let  them 
purify  this  House  and  this  country  from  this  sin. 

'  'My  Lords,  I  am  old  and  weak  and  at  present  unable  to  say 
more ;  but  my  feelings  and  indignation  were  too  strong  to  have  said 
less.  I  could  not  have  slept  this  night  in  my  bed,  nor  reposed  my 
head  on  my  pillow,  without  giving  this  vent  to  my  eternal  abhor- 
rence of  such  preposterous  and  enormous  principles."  (Speech 
m  the  House  of  Lords.  Nov.  8th,  1777.) 

This  appeal  for  the  humanities  or  the  '  'Might  of 
Right' ',  against  the  inhumanities  of  the  '  'Right  of  Might' ' 
(abused)  has  become  a  classic.  As  a  dialectical  expression 
of  right-wise-ness  it  stands  today  without  a  rival. 

Humanity  is  animality  divided  by  and  with  the  use 
of  the  law ;  inhumanity  is  animality  multiplied  by  and  with 
the  abuse  of  the  law — the  one  is  compliance  with  the  Law's 
command,  and  the  other  is  the  contemning  of  the  Law's 
sanction.  The  little  crowd  of  24  that  went  down  to  glo- 
rious defeat  with  Lord  Catham,  and  the  big  crowd  of  97 
that  rose  to  ignominious  victory  with  Lord  Suffolk,  had 
their  exact  counterpart  just  125  years  later  (1902)  in  the 
American  Congress. 


34  -       PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

9 

All  men  are  primarily  animals,  and,  considered  sole- 
ly as  animals,  are  intelligent  and  only  intelligent. 

A  multitude  of  animals  constitute  a  herd,  but  a  mul- 
titude of  men  constitute  a  crowd.  The  difference  be- 
tween a  herd  and  a  crowd  consists  in  the  fact  that  while 
a  herd  and  all  its  individual  members  are  only  intelligent, 
the  individual  members  of  a  crowd  are  partly  rational 
and,  therefore  partly  intellectual,  and,  hence,  responsible. 

A  herd  and  a  crowd  are  functioned  with  the  intelligent 
senses,  but  a  crowd  is  facultated  for  the  intelligible  laws. 

The  highest  attainment  of  the  intelligent  senses  is  be- 
lief, and  the  members  of  a  believing  crowd  are,  considered 
solely  as  believers,  most  intelligent,  but  rationally  facul- 
tated for  the  intelligible  laws :  the  effect  of  the  latter  op- 
eration on  the  former  is  to  displace  a  belief  and  to  em- 
place  a  truth  (knowledge).  Knowledge  acquired  signi- 
fies belief  surrendered.  The  displaced  belief  is  an  individ- 
ual loss  of  intelligence,  the  emplaced  truth  is  a  personal 
gain  of  intellect,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  statement 
that  intellectual  phenomena  are  personal  gains  offsetting 
individual  losses  of  intelligent  phenomena.  Now,  briefly 
what  we  see  from  this  discussion  is  how  Social  Life  emerges 
from  Animal  life.  This  distinction  between  the  intelli- 
gent individual  and  the  intellectual  person,  sees  the  loss 
and  the  gain  but  recognizes  the  changelessness  of  the  in- 
telligible law  itself,  although  acting. 

It  is  this  refinitive  departure  going  on  in  the  crowd, 
from  the  displacement  of  the  actually  intelligent  beliefs 
of  its  individual  members  as  agents,  through  the  emplace- 
ment of  the  really  intelligible  necessitous  norms,  as  oper- 
ating, to  the  emergent,  facultative  ideally  intellectual 
responsibilities,  as  the  object  of  the  operation,  that  the 
codified  Law  as,  'completely  unified  Knowledge,"  has 
to  explain. 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  35 

To  bring  these  prefatory  remarks  to  a  close,  let  us 
consider  what  three  of  the  acutest  intellects  have  said  con- 
cerning the  distinguishing  characteristics  of  the  intelli- 
gible operation,  the  intellectual  object  of  the  operation. 

and  the  intelligent  agents ;  respectively,  Herbert  Spencer, 
George  Henry  Lewes  and  Gustave  Le  Bon. 

"Concerning  the  multitude  of  remarkable  relations  among  lines 
and  among  spaces,"  says  Spencer,  "Very  few  ever  ask — Why  are 
are  they  so?  Perhaps  the  question  may,  in  later  years,  be  raised,  as 
it  has  been  in  myself,  by  some  of  the  more  conspicuously  marvellous 
truths  now  grouped  under  the  title  of  '  'The  Geometry  of  Position.' ' 
Many  of  these  are  so  astounding  that  but  for  the  presence  of  ocular 
proof  they  would  be  incredible ;  they  serve  in  some  minds  at  least , 
by  their  marvellousness,  as  well  as  by  their  beauty,  to  raise  the  un- 
answerable question — How  came  there  to  exist  among  the  parts  of 
this  seeminlgy  structureless  vacancy  we  call  space,  these  strange  re- 
lations? How  does  it  happen  that  the  blank  form  of  things  presents 
us  with  truths  as  incomprehensible  as  do  the  things  it  contains? 

'  'Beyond  the  reach  of  our  intelligence  as  are  the  mysteries  of  the 
objects  known  by  our  senses,  those  presented  in  this  universal  ma- 
trix are,  if  we  may  so  say,  still  further  beyond  the  reach  of  our  in- 
telligence ;  for  whereas  those  of  the  one  kind  may  be,  and  are,  thought 
of  by  many  as  explicable  on  the  hypothesis  of  Creation,  and  by  the 
rest  on  the  hypothesis  of  Evolution,  those  of  the  other  kind  cannot 
by  either  be  regarded  as  thus  explicable.  Theist  and  Agnostic 
must  agree  in  recognizing  the  properties  of  Space  as  inherent,  eter- 
nal, uncreated — as  anteceding  all  creation,  if  creation  has  taken 
place,  and  all  evolution,  if  evolution  has  taken  place. 

'  'And  then  comes  the  thought  of  this  universal  matrix  itself, 
anteceding  alike  creation  or  evolution,  whichever  be  assumed,  and 
infinitely  transcending  both,  alike  in  extent  and  duration;  since 
both,  if  conceived  at  all,  must  be  conceived  as  having  had  beginning 
while  Space  had  no  beginning.' '     (Facts  and  Comments  Pp.  290-92). 

In  giving  organic  form  to  verbalized  nouns,  or 
names,  the  '  'Geometry  of  Position' '  makes  comprehensible 
the  purposive  activities  which  both  surround  and  invest 
us  through  a  demonstrative  philosophical  psychology. 
A  prerequisite  to  the  scientific  logic  of  the  mind  is  the  pro- 
cess of  rectification,  the  banishment  of  indifference,  which 
discloses  their  organic  relationship.  The  intellect,  by  this 
process,  is  seen  to  be  the  faculty  of  the  functioned  intelli- 
gence. 

"By  faculty,"  says  G.  H.  Lewes,  "Is  commonly  understood, 
the  power  or  aptitude  of  an  agent  to  perform  a  certain  action  or  class 


36  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

ot  actions.  It  is  thus  synonomous  with  function  which  means  the 
activity  of  an  organ,  the  uses  of  the  instrument.  I  propose  to  de- 
tach faculty  from  this  general  signification,  limiting  it  to  the  action 
or  the  class  of  actions,  into  which  a  function  may  be  diversified  by 
the  education  of  experience.  That  is  to  say,  let  function  stand  for  the 
native  endowment  of  the  organ,  and  faculty  for  its  acquired  variation 
of  activity.  The  hand  is  an  organ  with  the  function  of  Prehension. 
To  grasp,  pull,  scratch,  etc.,  are  its  inherited  powers.  But  the  vari- 
ous modes  of  Manipulation — cutting,  sewing,  drawing,  writing,  fen- 
cing, etc.,  are  faculties  acquired  by  intelligent  direction  and  the  com- 
bination of  other  organs.  Instincts  are  functions.  Emotions  are 
functions.  Sensations  and  perceptions  are  functions.  Some  func- 
tions are  simple,  others  compound;  that  is  to  say,  some  are  per- 
formed by  single  organs,  as  vision  by  the  eye;  others  are  groups  of 
organs,  as  Instincts  and  Emotions.  The  co-operation  of  fixed  and 
and  invariable.  It  is  otherwise  with  the  co-operation  of  organs  in 
faculties,  and  it  is  because  of  this  that  the  products  are  both  option- 
al and  variously  modifiable.  The  function  of  Prehension  becomes 
the  varied  faculties  of  Manipulation  by  a  variable  co-operation  of 
organs. 

'  'This  distinction  of  the  activities  which  are  fixed  and  function- 
ed, from  those  which  are  optional  and  modifiable,  not  only  directs 
attention  to  the  educable  activities  but  also  point  to  the  interven- 
vention  of  social  influences. 

'  'Every  function  has  its  definite  organ  or  group  of  organs.  It 
is  their  constant  Energy.  Every  faculty  has  also  its  definite  group 
of  organs,  but  it  is  their  temporary  Synergy.""  (The  Study  of 
Psychology.     Pp.  27-9). 

As  function  is  to  faculty  so  is  intelligence  to  intel- 
lect. Similarly  as  intelligence  is  to  intellect  so  is  animal 
life  to  social  life.  A  comparison  of  functional  intelli- 
gence with  facultative  intellect,  with  the  accent  on  the 
former,  is  rendered  by  Gustave  Le  Bon  in  his  work— 
"The  Crowd,  A  Study  of  The  Popular  Mind",  It  invests 
the  subject  with  great  lucidity.     He  says: 

"The  w^hole  of  the  common  characteristics  with  which  heredity 
endows  the  individuals  of  a  race  constitute  the  genius  of  the  race. 
When,  however,  a  certain  number  of  these  individuals  are  gathered 
together  in  a  crowd  for  purposes  of  action,  observation  proves  that, 
from  the  mere  fact  of  their  being  assembled,  there  result  certain 
new  psychological  characteristics,  which  are  added  to  the  racial 
characteristics  and  differ  from  them  at  times  to  a  very  considerable 
degree. 

'  'Organized  crowds  have  always  played  an  important  part  in 
the  Ufe  of  peoples,  but  this  part  has  never  been  of  such  moment  as  at 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  37 

present.  The  substitution  of  the  unconsicons  actions  of  crowds 
for  the  conscions  activity  of  individuals  is  one  of  the  principle  char- 
acteristics of  the  present  age. 

'  'Crowds,  doubtless,  are  always  unconscious,  but  the  very  un- 
consciousness is  perhaps  one  of  the  secrets  of  their  strength.  In 
the  natural  world  beings  exclusively  governed  by  instincts  accom- 
plish acts  whose  marvellous  complexity  astounds  us. — So  far  as  the 
majority  of  their  acts  are  considered,  crowds  display  a  singularly 
inferior  mentality. 

"The  memorable  events  of  history  are  the  visible  effects  of  the 
invisible  changes  of  human  thought.  The  reason  these  great  events 
are  so  rare  is  that  there  is  nothing  so  stable  in  a  race  as  the  inherited 
ground  work  of  its  thoughts. 

'  'The  present  epoch  is  one  of  these  critical  moments  in  which 
the  thought  of  mankind  is  undergoing  a  process  of  transformation. 

'  'Two  fundimental  factors  are  at  the  base  of  this  transformation 
The  first  is  the  destruction  of  those  religious,  political  and  social  be- 
liefs in  which  all  the  elements  of  our  civilization  are  rooted.  The 
second  is  the  creation  of  entirely  new  conditions  of  existence  and 
thought  as  the  result  of  modern,  scientific  and  industrial  discoveries. 

'  'The  ideas  of  the  past,  although  half  destroyed,  being  still  very 
powerful,  and  the  ideas  which  are  to  replace  them  still  being  in  the 
process  of  formation, the  modern  age  represents  a  period  of  transi- 
tion and  anarchy. 

It  is  already  clear  that  on  whatever  lines  the  societies  of  the 
of  the  future  are  organized,  they  will  have  to  count  with  a  new  pow- 
er, the  power  of  crowds. 

'  'While  all  of  our  ancient  beliefs  are  tottering,  while  the  old 
pillars  of  society  are  giving  away,  one  by  one,  the  power  of  the  crowd 
is  the  only  one  that  nothing  menaces,  and  of  which  the  prestige  is 
continually  on  the  increase.     The  age  we  are  about  to  enter  will, 
in  truth  be  the  Era  of  Crowds. 

'  'It  is  by  association  that  crowds  have  come  to  procure  ideas 
with  respect  to  their  interests  which  are  very  clearly  defined  if  not 
particularly  just ,  and  have  arrived  at  a  consciousness  of  their  strength . 
The  masses  are  founding  syndicates  before  which  the  authorities 
capitulate  one  after  another;  they  are  also  founding  labor  un- 
ions which,  in  spite  of  all  economic  laws,  tend  to  regulate  the  condi- 
tions of  labor  and  wages.  They  return  to  assemblies,  in  which  the 
Government  is  vested,  representatives,  utterly  lacking  initiative 
and  independence,  and  reduced  most  often  to  nothing  else  than  the 
spokesmen  of  committies  that  have  chosen  them. 

'  'Today  the  claims  of  the  masses  are  becoming  more  and  more 
sharply  defined,  and  amount  to  nothing  less  than  a  determination 
to  utterly  destroy  society  as  it  now  exists,  with  a  view  to  making  it 
hark  back  to  that  primitive  communism  which  was  the  normal  con- 
dition of  allThuman  groups  before  the'dawn  of  civilization.  Limi- 
tation of  the  hours  of  labor,  the  nationalisation  of  mines,  railways. 


38  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

factories  and  the  soil,  the  equal  distribution  of  all  products,  the  elim- 
ination of  all  the  upper  classes  for  the  benefit  of  the  popular  classes, 
etc.,  such  are  these  claims. 

"Little  adapted  to  reasoning,  crowds,  on  the  contrary,  are 
quick  to  act.  As  the  result  of  their  present  organization  their 
strength  has  become  immense.  The  dogmas  whose  birth  we  are 
witnessing  will  soon  have  the  force  of  the  old  dogmas ;  that  is  to  say, 
the  tyrannical  and  sovereign  force  of  being  above  discussion.  The 
divine  right  of  the  masses  is  about  to  replace  the  divine  right  of 
kings. 

'  'There  has  been  no  bankruptcy  of  science  and  science  has  had 
no  share  in  the  present  intellectual  anarchy.  Science  promises  us 
truth,  or  at  least  a  knowledge  of  such  relations  as  our  intelligence 
can  seize;  it  never  promised  us  peace  or  happiness,  Sovereignly 
indifferent  to  our  feeUngs,  it  is  deaf  to  our  lamentations.  It  is  for 
us  to  endeavor  to  Hve  with  science,  since  nothing  can  bring  back  the 
illusions  it  has  destroyed. 

'  'History  tells  us,  that  from  the  moment  when  the  moral  forces 
on  which  a  civiHzation  rested  have  lost  their  strength,  its  final  dis- 
solution is  brought  about  by  those  unconscious  and  brutal  crowds 
known,  justifiably  enough  as  barbarians.  Civilizations  as  yet  have 
only  been  created  and  directed  by  a  small  intellectual  aristocracy, 
never  by  crowds.  Crowds  are  only  powerful  for  destruction.  Their 
rule  is  always  tantamount  to  a  barbaric  phase.  A  civilization  in- 
volves fixed  rules,  discipline,  a  passing  from  the  instinctive  to  the 
rational  state,  forethought  for  the  future,  an  elevated  degree  of  cul- 
ture—all of  them  conditions  that  crowds,  left  to  themselves,  have 
invariably  shown  themselves  incapable  of  realizing.  In  consequence 
of  the  purely  destructive  nature  of  their  power,  crowds  act  like  those 
microbes  which  hasten  the  dissolution  of  enfeebled  or  dead  bodies. 
When  the  structure  of  a  civiHzation  is  rotten,  it  is  always  the  masses 
that  bring  about  its  downfall.  It  is  at  such  a  juncture  that  their 
chief  mission  is  plainly  visible,  and  that  for  a  while  the  philosophy 
of  number  seems  the  only  philosophy  of  history. 

'  'Is  the  same  fate  in  store  for  our  civiHzation?  There  is  ground 
to  fear  that  this  is  the  case,  but  we  are  not,  as  yet,  in  a  position  to  be 
certain  of  it. 

'  'However  this  may  be,  we  are  bound  to  resign  ourselves  to  the 
reign  of  the  masses,  since  want  of  foresight  has  in  succession  over- 
thrown all  the  barriers  that  might  have  kept  the  crowd  in  check." 
THE    CROWD.     Pp.  5-19. 

The  far  greater  part  of  the  work  done  in  an  organism 
is  not  conscious,  but  unconscious,  and  this  is  especially 
true  of  the  social  organism. 

Civilization,  which  is  the  verbalized  form  for  the  term 
Independence,  depends,  for  its  conscientious  support,  very 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  39 

largely  upon  the  operation  of  statesmen;  as  Subjugation, 
which  is  the  verbalized  form  of  the  term  Dependence,  looks 
to  the  work  done  by  politicians  for  its  conscious  mainte- 
nance. 

The  ideal  leaders  of  crowds  are  humane  statesmen; 
the  actual  leaders  of  crowds  are  inhuman  politicians;  but 
the  real  director  of  crowds  is  the  impersonal  Law.  '  The 
two  former  represent  the  Conscientious  and  the  conscious, 
the  latter  the  unconscious,  work  done.     The  conscious,' 
subjugating  politician  with  his    accursed  supporting  be- 
liefs, has  certainly  obtained  his  supremest  limit  in  the 
Phillipine  Reconcentration  Camp,  with  its  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  defenseless  victims ;   the  conscientious  civil- 
izing statesmen  joint-account  with  the  Command  and  the 
Sanction  of  the  unconscious   Law,  will  yet  glorify  the  ar- 
chitectural and  architectonical  home,  through  the  refini- 
tive  effect  of  their  operations  on  the  generating  senses, 
transforming  the  passions  into  love,  greed  into  content 
for,  after   all  is  said  and  done,  the  evident  end  or  aim,  the 
manifest  purpose  of    all  the  social  activities  is  the  ideal- 
ization of  the  home— the  family  home  and  the  national 
home  are  alike  high  and  sacrificial  results  of  a  more  and 
more  general  love. 

'  Tn  palaces  are  hearts  that  ask. 

In  discontent  and  pride, 
Why  life  is  such  a  dreary  task, 
And  all  good  things  denied. 
And  hearts  in  poorest  huts  admire 

How  love  has  in  their  aid 
(Love  that  not  ever  seems  to  tire) 
Such  rich  provision  made. ' '     Trench. 

10 

We  are  born— emerge  out  of  the  unconscious  every- 
where into  the  conscious  here,  the  individual  home,  intel- 


40  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

ligently  functioned  to  serve  the  structiiral  operations  go- 
ing on  in  the  growth  of  the  conscientious  now— the  per- 
sonal home — the  Social  organism,  as  its  internal  medium, 
through  and  by  an  intellectually  facultative  connection 
with  the  unconscious  intelligible  principles  or  laws  which 
constitute  the  external  medium  of  that  home-like  organ- 
ism. 

The  work  done  by  the  internal  medium  of  an  organ- 
ism is  generative,  that  done  by  its  external  mediimi  is  di- 
rective. 

In  the  Social  Organism,  under  normal  conditions, 
the  conscious  generative  senses  go  to  the  unconscious  direc- 
tive principles  for  guidance.  The  former  and  the  latter 
are  facultatively  or  mutually  prehensive,  and  when  one 
of  the  requests  and  one  of  the  replies  grasp  one  another, 
they  are  then,  each  other's  own  other, — a  com-prehension 
or  facultative  production. 

From  this  viewpoint  the  Social  Organism  is  the  home 
in  its  most  general  aspect,  and  the  products  of  the  union 
of  the  conscious  generative  senses  with  the  unconscious 
directive  principles,  are  pure  home  units,  neither  wholly 
conscious  nor  altogether  unconscious,  but  conscientious. 
Under  the  normalizing  influences,  of  the  organic  method 
of  the  unconscious  principles  or  laws,  these  home  units  de- 
velop into  responsible  organs  or  organizations,  conscien- 
tiously unit-ing  systems ;  independent  home  units  organ- 
izing to  form  an  inter-  dependent  home  life, — the  Social 
Life,  whose  ultimate  idealization  is  Civilization  or  the 
Might  of  Right,  expressing  the  use  of  Knowledge. 

But  we  are  bom — emerge  out  of  the  unconscious 
everywhere  into  the  conscious  here —  the  individual  home 
in  a  purely  intelligent  condition,  and  as  such,  limited  to  fan- 
cies, guesses  and  beliefs,  which  are  the  forms  in  which  the 
senses  give  expression  to  their  activities.  The  so-called 
rational  (quotient  like)  faculty,  consisting  in  the  mutually 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  41 

grasping  process,  proper  to  the  intelligent  senses  and  the 
intelligible  principles,  is  an  operation,  a  mode  of  motion 
of  slow  growth,  developing  from  infinitesimal  beginnings 
to  widely  ranging  endings.  "Nine  tenths  at  least,  of  the 
actions  of  average  men  are  intelligent  and  not  rational." 
(Lloyd  Morgan).  This  remark  by  one  of  the  world's 
greatest  experimental  observers  of  mental  phenomena 
means  that  the  authority  upon  which  the  actions  of  nine 
tenths  of  average  men  is  based,  is  some  form  of  the  intelli- 
gent senses  and  not  of  the  intelligible  laws.  But  what  is 
of  more  importance  to  understand  is  that  a  very  high  per- 
centage, perhaps  more  than  ninety,  of  the  advantages 
rendered  by  the  intelligible  laws  are  not  normally  (use- 
fully) applied  to  the  building  up  of  the  home  of  homes — 
the  Social  Organism — but  are  actually  ab-normally 
directed,  and  the  homes  of  the  home  are  not  only  not 
constructed,  but  are  destroyed.  This  ab-use  of  Know- 
ledge (the  laws)  is  due  to  the  fact  that  their  direction  is 
supplied  by  the  fancying,  guessing  and  believing  senses, 
as  distinguished  from  that  of  the  relating,  authoritative 
and  normalizing  principles  or  laws.  Two  historic 
pathways,  those  of  theism  and  imperialism,  with  their 
rivers  of  blood,  their  pillars  of  smoke  by  day  and  of  flame 
by  night,  supplemented  by  millions  of  tortured  souls, 
mostly  women  and  children,  attest  to  the  frightful  inhu- 
manity attending  sense  direction.  Whether  the  direction 
is  the  sense  of  an  individual  man,  or  the  common  sense 
of  a  crowd,  it  is  equally  vicious  as  compared  with  that 
supplied  by  the  principles  representing  the  '  'Fixed  Order' ' 
—Right. 

Under  the  abnormal  influence  of  sense-direction, 
then,  the  conscious  home  units  organize  into  crowds  which 
char  acteristically  shirk  responsibility,  and  cultivate  those 
hostile  relations  which  have  for  their  ultimate  actualiza- 
tion '  'Subjugation,' '  or  the '  'Right  of  Might' ',  expressing 
the  abuse  of  Knowledge. 


42  PREFATORY  LESSONS  IN 

We  use  and  we  ab-use  knowledge  in  the  homes  of  the 
home  and  in  the  home  of  the  homes.  We  die — immerge 
into  the  unconscious  everywhere  out  of  the  conscious  here 
and  the  conscientious  now, —  the  home  and  the  home  of 
the  homes. 

Between  the  time  of  our  emergence  out  of  the  uncon- 
scious everywhere  into  the  conscious  here  and  that  of  our 
immergence  into  the  unconscious  everywhere  out  of  the 
conscious  here,  we  are  occupied  either  use-fully  or  waste- 
fully  with  the  conscientiously  facultative  development 
of  one  of  the  homes  of  the  home,  or  of  the  home  of  the 
homes.  When  use-fully  engaged,  we  are  working  archi- 
tecturally or  architectonically  (respectively,  right-wise-ly 
or  right-eous-ly)  and  therefore,  constructively  for  the 
home,  and  Civilization — the  Might  of  Right— is  promoted : 
when  waste-fully  and,  hence,  destructively  for  the  home. 
Subjugation— the  Right  of  Might— obtains.  Civilization 
is  wholly  humane ;   Subjugation  is  wholly  inhuman. 

The  pride  and  the  haughtiness  of  the  inhuman  sub- 
jugator has  most  often  been  the  cause  of  the  question, 
'  'What  does  it  all  mean?' '  Unfortunately  all  but  a  very 
few  of  the  victims  have  been  dependent  members  of  some 
crowd  of  believers,  theistical  or  political,  and  have  taken 
the  dicta  of  sense-direction,  that  of  leaders  of  the  crowds. 
But  there  have  been  a  few  independent  souls  from  time 
immemorial,  whose  fidelity  to  principle  made  them  scorn 
the  mountebankcy  of  the  leaders  and  the  servility  of  the 
crowd,  as  well.  To  this  diminutive  force,  by  whose  dili- 
gence, law  after  law  has  been  discovered,  is  due  the  high 
hope  of  Civilization  and  the  eventual  doom  of  Subjuga- 
tion. Nature's  laws,  taken  en  masse,  constitute  the 
whole  of  what  we  call  knowledge.  When  taken  as  a  sys- 
tem these  laws  constitute  a  code,  an  authoritatively  or- 
ganized body.     The  formula,  entitled  A  MECHANICAL 


A  MECHANICAL  PHILOSOPHY  43 

PHILOSOPHY,  purports  to  be  this  CODE,  with  the  prop- 
erties and  powers  of  Space  as  its  authority.  The  idio- 
morphic  character  of  its  psychological  method  and  its  eth- 
ical system,  as  demonstrated  by  the  two  accompanying 
examples,  sharply  distinguishes  its  unconscious  operations 
from  any  like  conscientious  intellectual  production. 


Digest  From  Nature's  Legal  Code 

A  Mechanical  Philosophy 


+ 


J.  J.  VAN  NOSTRAND,   (A  broker: 

Might  is  Kight. 

;       Right  is  Might. 

Right  is  the    'Fixed  Order 

Liberty,  where 

Freedom,  where 

Law,  where 

Intelligence,  or. 

Intellect,  or. 

Intelligibility,  or. 

The  actual  World  of 

The  Ideal  World  of 

The  Real  World  of 

Krutal  Work; 

Social  Work; 

Universal  Work; 

Self-regarding,   or. 

Others-regarding,  or. 

Equalizing,  or 

Individual  (choice), 

Personal  (choice), 

Impersonal  (necessity). 

And,  therefore. 

And,  therefore. 

And,  therefore, 

Despolic  (the  belief) 

Ethic  (Elective) 

Mechariic(normative) 

Politic  (the  guess) 

Aesthetic  (effective) 

Mathematio  (historical) 

Mimetic   (the  fancy) 

Dialectic  (affective) 

Diagrammatic  (relative) 

is 

is 

is 

Mind   in   the  animal. 

Mind  in  Man, 

Mind  in  Nature. 

The  ironscious 

The  Conscientious 

The  Unconscious 
1 

(R,jdup) 

1 

MIND  IS  WORK 

The  Normalization  of  Mind, 

Or  the  organic  method  applied. 

(PHILOSOPHICAL-PSYCHOLOGY) 

Appetition  (  +  )  for  (X)    Civilization  (  +  )  Gives  Good  ( -f- ) 

Appetition  (  +  )  for  (X)    Subjugation  (  — )  Gives  Evil  (  — ) 

Aversion  (  —  )  lo  (X)    Subjugation  (  — )  Gives  Good  (  +  ) 

Aversion  (  — )  to  (X)    Civilization  (  +  )  Gives  Evil  (  — ) 

Algebrical  Form  in  Ethics. 

The  formula  entitled  A  Mechanical  Philosophy  is  a  triadic  demonstration  including 
A  Theory  of  Knowledge,  and  a  Natural  Logic,  the  whole  comprising  a  codification  of 
Natnral  Law  considered  as  the  given  aspect  of  the"  Fixed  Order.' ' 

Conforming  to  the  mordern  definition  of  theory  it  is  ,at  once,  intelligible  and  dia- 
grammatical. 

Demonstrating  the  analytical  properties  and  the  synthetical  powers  of  the  unit 
clearly,  distinctly,  and  adequately,  it's  logical  method  has  all  the  authority  of  mathe- 

Systematizing  natural  laws  into  a  machine-like  code,  the  laws  composing  the  work- 
ing parts,  or  mechanism,  and  carried  in  place  by  an  inflexible,  definitely  proportioned, 
symmetrical  frame-work, the  whole  constitutes  a  given  unity, completely  unified 
knowledge,  or  science,  and  commonly  called  philosophy. 

The  two  smaller  diagrams,  "Normalization  of  Mind,"  and  "Algebraical  Eth- 
ics,' '  are  simply  digests  derived  from  the  interpretative  application  of  the  laws  of  tha 


Copyright  1907 
By  J.  J.  Van  Hostrand 


The  Noi 

Or  the  c 


(PHILO: 

Appetition  (  +  )  for   I 

Appetition  (  +  )  for 

Aversion  (  —  )  t.o 

Aversion  ( -^  )  ta 


Algeb 


The  formula  entitled  A  Mecl 
A  Theory  of  Knowledge,  and  ! 
Natnral  Law  considered  as  the 

Conforming  to  the  mordern 
grammatical. 

Demonstrating  the  analytic 
clearly,  distinctly,  and  adequa 
matics. 

Systematizing  natural  lawi  i 
ing  parts,  or  mechanism,  and  c 
symmetrical   frame-work.the 
knowledge,  or  science,  and  con 

The  two  smaller  diagrams 
ics,' '  are  simply  digests  derivec 
code. 


Copyright  1907 
By  J.  J.  Van  Nostrand 


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